Sumit Guha┬аadded┬а4 new photos.



.......Moments with...My viewfinder..........The Anand Bhavan is a historic house museum in Allahabad, India focusing on the Nehru-Gandhi Family. It was constructed by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru in the 1930s to serve as the residence of the Nehru family when the original mansion Swaraj Bhavan (previously called Anand Bhavan) was transformed into the local headquarters of the Indian National Congress.
рдмрд╕реНрддрд░ рдХреЗ рд╕реЛрдиреА рд╕реЛрд░реА рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧрд╛ рдХреЛрдбреЛрдкреА рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдбреНрдореЗ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реА рд╕рд╛рдереА рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдЖрдпреЗ рдереЗ .
рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЛрдЪреНрдЪ рдиреНрдпрд╛рдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣рд╛рдбреА рдлрд░реНрдЬреА рдореБрдарднреЗреЬ рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдбреНрдореЗ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рддрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдорд▓реЗ рджрд╛рдпрд░ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдЧрдП
рд╕реЛрдиреА рд╕реЛрд░реА рдФрд░ рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧрд╛ рдХреЛрдбреЛрдкреА рдиреЗ рдмрд╕реНрддрд░ рдХреЗ рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдд рдкрд░ рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рд╡рд╛рд░реНрддрд╛ рдХреА рдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рдмрд╕реНрддрд░ рдХреЗ рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдд рд╕реЗ рд╣рдо рд╕рдм рдХреЛ рдЕрд╡рдЧрдд рдХрд░рд╡рд╛рдпрд╛
рд╕реЛрдиреА рд╕реЛрд░реА рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЛреЬреЛрдкреА рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреЗрдХреЛрдВ рдорд┐рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓реЗ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдмрд╕реНрддрд░ рдЖрдХрд░┬а
рдЖрджрд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╣рд╛рд▓рдд рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЖрдордВрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛
рд╕реЛрдиреА рд╕реЛрд░реА рдФрд░ рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧрд╛ рдХреЛрдбреЛрдкреА рдмрд╕реНрддрд░ рд▓реМрдЯ рдЧрдП
рдореЗрдХ рдЗрди рдЗрдВрдбрд┐рдпрд╛├У рдХреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдирд╛рд░реЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдореЛрджреА рдиреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдЦрд╛рд╕ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХреБрдЫ рдЦрд╛рд╕ рдерд╛ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВред рджреЗрд╢ рдХреА рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдРрд╕реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдвреЛрд▓ рдкреАрдЯрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПред- рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдд
http://www.deshbandhu.co.in/article/5391/10/330#.Vdli1vaqqko
тАк#тАОNXTTakeOverтАм
тАк#тАОRejectCBCSтАм
тАк#тАОMakeSomeonesDayIn3WordsтАм...
рдЕрд▓рдЧрд╛рд╡рд╡рд╛рджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рдореЗрдВ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдЖрджреЗрд╢ рдХреА рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рдирд╣реАрдВрдГ рдкрд╛рдХ
http://www.deshbandhu.co.in/newsdetail/249363/1/19
тАк#тАОрдмрд┐рд╣рд╛рд░_рдардЧрдмрдВрдзрдитАм
Indo-Pak NSA-Level┬атАк#тАО5SOSonGMAтАм
Himanshu Kumar┬аadded┬а2 new photos.
рд╣рдорд╛рд░реА рджреЛ рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд╛рдереА рдЬреЗрд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗ рдкреЬреА рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИрдВ. рдкрд╣рд▓реА рд╣реИрдВ рд░реЛрдорд╛ рдмрд╣рди рдФрд░ рджреВрд╕рд░реА рд╣реИрдВ рдЪрд┐рддрд░реВрдкрд╛ рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд╣рдо рд╕рдм рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрд╡реА рдмрд╣рди рднреА рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ .
рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдЬреАрд╡рди рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдЧрд╛рдБрд╡ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ реЫрдореАрди рдкрд░ рдЦреЗрддреА рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░, рдЬреАрд╡рди рдпрд╛рдкрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдЗрдЬреНреЫрдд рд╕реЗ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзрдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рдорд░реНрдкрд┐рдд рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ .
рд░реЛрдорд╛ рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рдкреНрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗ рд╕реЛрдирднрджреНрд░ рдореЗ рдмрдирдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХрдиреНрд╣рд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рдБрдз рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдзреА рдЬрди рдЖрдиреНрджреЛрд▓рди рдореЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рде рджреЗ рд░рд╣реА рдереАрдВ . рд░реЛрдорд╛ рдХреЛ рдХрд░реАрдм рджреЛ рдорд╣реАрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЬреЗрд▓ рдореЗ рдбрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╣реИ .
рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрд╡реА рдмрд╣рди рдордзреНрдп рдкреНрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗ рдмреЬреЗ рдмрд╛рдБрдз рдмрдирд╛ рдХрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА реЫрдореАрдиреЗрдВ рдбреБрдмрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛реЮ рдЬрд▓ рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛рдЧреНрд░рд╣ рдФрд░ рдЕрджрд╛рд▓рддреА рд▓реЬрд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рде рджреЗ рд░рд╣реА рдереАрдВ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ рдмреАрд╕ рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдд рдХреЛ рдордзреНрдп рдкреНрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗ рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрд╡реА рдмрд╣рди рдХреЛ рднреА рдЧрд┐рд░рдлреНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рдХреЗ рдЬреЗрд▓ рдореЗ рдбрд╛рд▓ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ .
рдЗрди рдЧрд┐рд░рдлреНрддрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рджреЗрд╢ рднрд░ рдореЗ рдЦрд╛рдореЛрд╢реА рд╣реИ.
рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рднрдпрд╛рдирдХ рджреМрд░ рд╣реИ рдЬрдм рдореБрд▓реНрдХ рдХреА реЫрдореАрди рдФрд░ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреА реЫрд┐рджрдЧреА рдмрдЪрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЬреБрд░реНрдо рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рджреЗ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ .
рд▓реБрдЯреЗрд░реЗ рдЕрдкрд░рд╛рдзреА рдЧрджреНрджреА рдкрд░ рдмреИрда рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВ . рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕ рдЗрд╕ рджреМрд░ рдХреЛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрдпрд╛рд╣ рджреМрд░ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛ .
рд╣рдо рдЗрди рдЧрд┐рд░рдлреНрддрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдз рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЗрдирдХреА рд░рд┐рд╣рд╛рдИ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЖрд╡рд╛реЫ рдмреБрд▓рдВрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ .
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд╛рдордмрдВрдж
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рд╣рдХреВрдХ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓реА рдХрд╛ рдкреИрд░реЛрдХрд╛рд░
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдореБрдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдЬрдп рдЬрдпрдХрд╛рд░
рд╣реИрд░рдд рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐ рдореАрд╝рдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ
рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд▓рд╛рдордмрдВрдж
рдкрд▓рд╛рд╢ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕
ржбрж┐ржЧржмрж╛ржЬрж┐ ржЦрж╛ржУрзЯрж╛рзЯ ржмржЫрж░рзЗрж░ рж╕рзЗрж░рж╛ ржмрж╛ржЩрж╛рж▓рж┐ ржХрзЗ ?? ржЕржнрзАржХржжрж╛ ржирж╛ржХрж┐ рж╕рзБржоржи ржжрж╛ ??
рдХреМрди рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рд╕ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ,рдкрд╛рдардХ рд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдХреЛрдИред
рдХреМрди рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдХрдм рдХрдм рдмрджрд▓рд╛ рд╣реИ рдРрди рдореМрдХреЗ рдкрд░,рдкрд╛рдардХ рд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдХреЛрдИред
рджрд░реНрд╢рдХ рдХреА рдирдЬрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдореНрдорд╛рдо рдореЗ рд╕рд╛рд░реЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рд░реЗ рдирдВрдЧреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдлрд┐рд░рднреА рд╢рд░реНрдореЛрд╣рдпрд╛ рдХреА рджреАрд╡рд╛рд░реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдереАрдВ,рдЬреЛ рдЕрдм рдврд╣ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИред
рдлрд╛рд╕реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдХреЗ рд░рдВрдЧ рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗ рд╣реЛ рд░рдВрдЧ рдмрд┐рд░рдВрдЧреА рдЪреЗрд╣рд░реЗ рд╕рд╛рд░реЗ рдПрдХ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЬрдирддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рди рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╣реИред
рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЬреЛ рдмреА рд╣реЛ рдЬрд┐рд╕ рднреА рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛,рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рди рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд╣рдХрд╣рдХреВрдХ рдХрд╛ рд╣рд┐рд╕рд╛рдм рдХрд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдирдЙрд╕рдХреА рд╕реБрдирд╡рд╛рдИ рдХрд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдЕрдм рдордЬреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдкрдврд╝рддреА рд╣реИред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрдм рдордирд░рдВрдЬрди рдХрд╛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЛрддреНрддрдо рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╣реИред
рд╣рдо рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЧреБрд▓рд╛рдо рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рднреА рдпрд╣ рдмреЗрд╣рдж рдкреАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИред
рдиреМрдХрд░реА рдХреЗ рдЪрдВрдж рдорд╣реАрдиреЗ рдЕрднреА рдмрд╛рдХреА рд╣реИрдВред
рд╣рдо реЗрдХреНрд╕рдЯреЗрдВрд╕рди рдХреЗ рдореЛрд╣рддрд╛рдЬ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдореЛрд╢рди рд╣реБрдЖ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ,рдЬрд╛рд╣рд┐рд░ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╣рдорд╛рд░рд╛ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдЯреЗрд╢рди рдмреА рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рд╕рдЪ рдХрд╣рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЧрд░ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдиреМрдХрд░реА рд╕реЗ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓ рдлреЗрдВрдХреЗ рдЕрднреА рдЗрд╕реА рд╡рдХреНрдд рддреЛ рднреА рдореБрдЭреЗ рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдХрдо рд╡рдХреНрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрд┐рддрд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣рдордиреЗ рдпрд╣рд╛рдВредрдмрд╕рдВрддреАрдкреБрд░ рдХреА рдЧреЛрдмрд░ рдорд╛рдЯреА рд╕реЗ рд╕рдиреЗ рдиреИрдиреАрдЭреАрд▓ рдХреЗ рдареАрдХ рдКрдкрд░ рдбреАрдПрд╕рдмреА рдХрд╛рд▓реЗрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рджрд╛рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╕рд╛рде рдордзреНрдп рдЭреАрд▓ рдкрд░ рдЙрдирд┐рдпрд╛рд▓ рд╕рд╛рд╣рдм рдХреЗ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдкрд░реНрд╡рддреАрдп рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд╛рдИрд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реА 1973 рд╕реЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рдЧрдж рдХрд╛рд░реЗ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реВредрдЕрд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдоредрдиреМрдХрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ 1980 рд╕реЗредрдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реВрдВ 1991 рд╕реЗред1980 рдореЗрдВ рдЭрд╛рд░рдЦрдВрдб рдШреВрдордиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╣рд╛рдиреЗ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЖрд╡рд╛рдЬ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реИрдВрдб рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдкрдХреНрд╖ рдЬрдирдкрдХреНрд╖ рдХрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИредрдЬреАрдирд╛ рднреА рдпрд╣реАрдВ ,рдорд░рдирд╛ рднреА рдпрд╣реАрдВредрдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕рд┐рд╡рд╛рдп рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдХрд╣реАрдВ рдирд╣реА рд╣реИред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рджрд┐рд╡рдВрдЧрдд рдирд░реЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдореЛрд╣рди рд╕реЗ рдмрджрдирд╛рдо рдХреЛрдИ рдорд╛рд▓рд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрдХ рд╣реБрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдирд╣реАрдВ,рдореБрдЭреЗ рдорд╛рд▓реВрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИредрдЙрди рдирд░реЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдореЛрд╣рди рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдЕрдкрд╛рдпрдВрдЯрдореЗрдВрдЯ рд▓реЗрдЯрд░ рдореЗрд░рда рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░рдг рдореЗрдВ рдЦреБрджрд╛ рдмрдирд╛рдХрд░ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдореИрдВ рдорд╕реАрд╣рд╛ рдорд╛рдирддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛,рдЙрдирдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдХреБрддреНрддрд╛ рдмрдирд╛рдХрд░ рд░рдЦрд╛ред
рдЬрдмрддрдХ рдореЗрд░рда рдореЗрдВ рдореИрдВ рд░рд╣рд╛ред1984 рд╕реЗ рд▓реЗрдХрд░ 1990 рддрдХ рдШрд░ рдШрд░ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднреА рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдкрддреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реИредрдЬреЛ рднреА рднрд░реНрддреА рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИ,рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдкрди рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓реЗредрдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рд▓реАредрдХрд╛рдкрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рдВрдЪреАредрднрд░реНрддреА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЯреНрд░реЗрди рдФрд░ рдЧреНрд░реБрдо рднреА рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛редрдпрд╣ рдирд░реЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдореЛрд╣рдирдЬреА рдХреА рдореЗрд╣рд░рдмрд╛рдиреА рдереАредрдЙрдиреЗ рдХрднреА рджрдЦрд▓ рдирд╣реАрдВ рджрд┐рдпрд╛редрдЪрд╛рд╣реЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реА рд╕рд┐рдлрд╛рд░рд┐рд╢ рдкрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛ рдкреИрд╕рд╛ рди рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЫрд╛рд░рдкреЗрдВ рди рдЫрд╛рдкреЗрдВ,рдпрд╣ рдлреИрд╕рд▓рд╛ рдЙрдирдиреЗ рд╣рдо рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрдХреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рд╣реИ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ред
рдЬрдм рдиреИрдиреАрддрд╛рд▓ рдХреА рддрд░рд╛рдИ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рддреЛрд╖ рдореЛрдбрд╝ рд╕рд╛рдореВрд╣рд┐рдХ рдмрд▓рд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛рдВрдб рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╢рд░рдгрд╛рд░реНрдерд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЬрдореАрди рд╣рдерд┐рдпрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП,рд░реЛрдЬ рдореИрдВ рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░рдг рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХрд░рдгреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдкрдиреНрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдЫрдкрддрд╛ рдерд╛ред
рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдордВрддреНрд░реА рдереЗ рдореЗрд░реЗ рд╣реА рдкрд┐рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд╕ рдорд┐рддреНрд░ рдирд╛рд░рд╛рдпрдгрджрддреНрдд рддрд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реА рдЬрд┐рдирдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рдкрд╣рд╛рдбрд╝ рдФрд░ рддрд░рд╛рдИ рдПрдХрдЬреБрдЯ рдЖрдВрджреЛрд▓рди рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛редрд╕рд╛рд░реЗ рдЙрддреНрддрд░рдкреНрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВ,рд╣рд░ рдЬрд┐рд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдФрд░ рдпреВрдкреА рд╕реЗ рднреА рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рддрд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рдЗрд╕реНрддреАрдлреЗ рдХреА рдорд╛рдВрдЧ рдЧреВрдВрдЬ рд░рд╣реА рдереАредрдЙрд╕ рджрд░рдореНрдпрд╛рди рдХрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рддреАрди рдмрд╛рд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реАрдВ рд▓рд░реЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдореЛрд╣рди рд╕реЗ рддрд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реА рдиреЗ рдореБрдЭреЗ рдлреМрд░рди рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛реЯрдпреВрдВ рддреЛ рддрд┐рд▓рд╡рд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗ рдирд░реЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдореЛрд╣рди рдХреЗ рдордзреБрд░ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдз рдереЗ рдФрд░ рддрд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рднреА рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рд░рд┐рд╢реНрддреЗ рдереЗредрди рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рд░рд┐рд╕реНрддреЛрдВ рдХреА рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХреА рдФрд░ рди рдирд░рдВрджреНрд░рдореЛрд╣рди рдиреЗредрдЙрдирдиреЗ рд╕рд╛рдл рдордирд╛ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рддреАрдиреЛрдВ рдмрд╛рд░ред
рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЖрджрд░рдгреАрдп рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╖ рдЬреЛрд╢реА рдФрд░ рдУрдо рдерд╛рдирд╡реА рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛ рд╣реИредрдмрджрддрдореАрдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдХреА рд╣реИрдВредрд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдПрдХреНрд╕рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрддрдиреА рдЖрдЬрд╛рджреА рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдиреЗ рдХрднреА рдореБрдЭрд╕реЗ рдЬрд╡рд╛рдмрддрд▓рдм рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦрддреЗ рд╣реЛ рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдиреЗ рдХрднреА рдордирд╛ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд▓рд┐рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЛредрд╕рдордпрд╛рдВрддрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рдерд╛рдирд╡реА рдХреА рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд░рд╣реА рдФрд░ рд╕рдордпрд╛рдВрддрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдореИрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рд▓рд┐рдЦрддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ред
рдерд╛рдирд╡реА рд╕реЗ рдореБрдВрд╣ рджреЗрдЦрд╛рджреЗрдЦреА рдмрдВрдж рдереАредрд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдерд╛рдирд╡реА рдиреЗ рдХрднреА рди рдореБрдЭреЗ рд░реЛрдХрд╛ рди рдЯреЛрдХрд╛редрдЙрдирдХреА рд░реАрдврд╝ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рддреЛ рдореИрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦ рд╣реА рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛редрдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛,рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдм рднреА рд╕рдордЭ рдореЗрдВ рди рдЖрдпрд╛, рд╡реЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдордЭ рд▓реЗрдВред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╣реА рд╣реИредрд╣рдо рднреА рд╡рд╣реА рд╣реИред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдкрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рдкрд╛рдмрдВрджреА рд╣реИ рдирд╣реАрдВред
рдЖрдкрд╛рдХрд╛рд▓ рдиреЗ рд╕рд╛рдмрд┐рдд рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЪреАрдЦреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдХрдиреЗ рдХреА реМрдХрд╛рдд рд╣реБрдХреВрдордд рдХреА рд╣реЛрддреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рд╣рд░рдЧрд┐рдЬред
рдмрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рд░ рд╕рд╛рдмрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЖрдЬрд╛рдж рд▓рдмреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣рд░рдХрддреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд░реЛрдХ рд╕рдХреЗ,рдРрд╕реА рдФрдХрд╛рдд рди рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рди рд╣реБрдХреВрдордд рдХреА рд╣реИредрднрд▓реЗ рд╕рд░ рдХрд▓рдо рдХрд░ рд▓реЗрдВред
рдореБрдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢реА рдкреВрдВрдЬреА рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рдлрд╛рджрд╛рд░реА рд╡рдЬреВрдж рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд▓ рднреА рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИредрдЗрддрдиреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рд╣реИ,рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдореБрдирд╛рдлрд╛ рднреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рддреЛ рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реЛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╕рдХрддреЗред
рдпрд╣ рд╣рдо рдмрдЦреВрдм рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЬрд┐рдВрджрдЧреА рдореЗрдВ рдиреМрдХрд░реА рд╕реЗ рдлреБрд░рд╕рдд рдорд┐рд▓рдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдЗрд╕реАрд▓рд┐рдП рдХрдорд╕рдХрдо рдЕрдЦрдмрд╛рд░ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЗрд░рд╛рджрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдмреЛрд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЬреБрдмрд╛рдВ рдкрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рдкрд╣рд░рд╛ рд╣реИ рдирд╣реАрдВ рджрд░рдЕрд╕рд▓редрди рдЖрдкрд╛рддрдХрд╛рд▓ рдХрд╣реАрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд╣реИредрд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдиреЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рдордЬрдмреВрд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ,рдРрд╕реА рдЦрдмрд░ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдиреЗ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЛ рднреА рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИредрдФрд░ рдордбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЕрдм рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реИред
рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдХрддреНрд▓реЗрдЖрдо рдХреА рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИред
рдлрд┐рд▓рд╣рд╛рд▓ рддрд╛рдЬрд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрдЯрд╕ рдпрд╣ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрдВрдбрд┐рдпрди рдПрдХреНрд╕рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЬрдирд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдиреЗ рдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рдЦрдмрд░ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ,рддрд╕реНрд╡реАрд░реЗ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИрдВ,рд╡рд╣реА рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпреА рд╣реИредрдпрд╣ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рд╣реИредрдмрд╛рдХреА рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрд░рд╛рдзреА рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд╣рдХ рд╣рдХреВрдХ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд▓рдбрд╝ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд╣реИ рдлрд╛рд╕реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдЬрд┐рд╕рддрд░рд╣, рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░реЛрдз рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рддреЗрдЬ рд╣реИредрджрдорди рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рднреА рдХрд╣реАрдВ рддреЗрдЬ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИредрд╢рд░реНрдо рдХрд░реЛ рд▓реЛрдХрддрдВрддреНрд░ред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдлреЛрдХрд╕ рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐ рдПрдлрдЯреАрдЖрдИрдЖрдИ рдХреЗ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдкрд░ рд╣реИрдВ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рджреЗрд╢рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдлрд╛рд╕реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдиреЗ рдЗрди рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдШреЗрд░рд╛рдмрдВрджреА рдХрд░ рджреА рд╣реИредрдЫрд╛рдХрддреНрд░ рдмреЗрд╣рдж рдмрд╣рд╛рджреБрд░реА рд╕реЗ рд▓рдбрд╝ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВредрдЬрд╛рджрд╡рдкреБрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХреА рдЧреВрдВрдЬ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИредрд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдФрд░ рд╢рд╣рдмрд╛рдЧ рдПрдХрд╛рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реИредрдЦрд╛рд╕ рддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рдФрд░ рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдлрд╛рд╕реАрд╡рд╛рджреА рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдореБрдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░реЛрдз рдмреЗрд╣рдж рддреЗрдЬ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЦрдмрд░ рдХрд╣реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИредрдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХреЛ рдЕрднрд╡реНрдп рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬрд╛рджрд╡рдкреБрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдкрдХреБрд▓рдкрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдмреБрд▓рд╡рд╛рдХрд░ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрд┐рдЯрд╡рд╛рдпрд╛,рдЧрд┐рд░рдлреНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ ,рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХреА рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрдд рд╣реБрдИред
рддреЛ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдиреЗ рдлрд┐рд░ рдПрдлрдЯреАрдЖрдИрдЖрдИ рдкреБрдгреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рд░рдЪ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдХреБрд░реБрд╡рдВрд╢ рдХреА рддрд░рд╣ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╕рдлрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЕрднрд┐рдпрд╛рди рджреЗрд╢ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд╛рд▓реВ рд░рд┐рд╡рд╛рдЬ рдмрди рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
рддрд╛рдЬрд╛ рдорд╛рдорд▓рд╛ рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рдкреНрд░рд╕рд┐рджреНрдз рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕реАрдбреЗрд╕реА рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдордВрддреНрд░реА рдХреА рдореМрдЬреВрджрдЧреА рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреАрдмрджреНрдз рдЧреБрдВрдбреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдиреЗ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдзреБрди рдбрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдХреБрд▓рдкрддрд┐ рдореБрд╕реНрдХреБрд░рд╛рддреА рд░рд╣реАред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдзрд░рдирд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╕рди рд╕реЗ рдмреЗрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдордВрддреНрд░реА рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рджрдЦрд▓ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрдлрд░рд╛рдд рдЦреИрд░рд╛рдд рдирдХрдж рдбрд╛рд▓ рдЧрдпреАрдВ рдФрд░ рдЖрдВрджреЛрд▓рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдмрд┐рдирд╛,рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдЬрдмрд░рди рджреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛рдВрдд рд╕рдорд╛рд░реЛрд╣ рднреА ┬ард╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
рдЪреВрдВрдХрд┐ рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕реАрдбреЗрдВрд╕реА рдореЗрдВ рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдордВрддреНрд░реА рдХ рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЭрдВрдбреЗ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдпреЗ рддреЛ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрджрд▓реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕реАрдбреЗрдВрд╕реА рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдЬрд╛рджрд╡рдкреБрд░ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдХреА рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдХреА рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХреА рдирд╛рдХреЗрдмрдВрджреА рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдФрд░ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреАрдмрджреНрдз рдЧреБрдВрдбреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдкреВрд░реЗ рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВ,рдЦрд╛рд╕рддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдлрд╛рд╕реАрд╡рд╛рджреА рдЭрдВрдбреЗ рдлрд╣рд░рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдХреА рдЬрдмрд░рджрд╕реНрдд рдирд╛рдХреЗрдмрдВрджреА рд╣реИредрдЖрдВрджреЛрд▓рди рдЬрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рджреЗрд╢ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдлрдЯреАрдЖрдИрдЖрдИ рдорд╣рд╛рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдз рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рдЕрдВрдз рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╡рд╛рджреА рдХреЗрд╕рд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реИред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реИрдВред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЦреБрджрдХрд╢реА рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реИрдВред
рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░ рджреЗрд╢ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ,рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рджрд┐рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдмреАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЙрдард╛ рдЪреБрдХреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЕрдм рдЙрдирдХреА рдЦреИрд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рднреА рдХрддреНрд▓реЗрдЖрдо рдХреА рддреИрдпрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд╣реИред
рдЖрдирдВрдж рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рд╕рдореВрд╣ рдореЗрдВ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреА рд╣реИрдВ рджреАрджреАред
рдпрд╣реА рдирдЬрд╛рд░рд╛ рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИ,рдРрд╕рд╛ рдЖрдирдВрдж рддреЗрд▓рддреБрдВрдмрдбрд╝реЗ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╣рдирд╛ рд╣реИ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдЦрдмрд░ рдпрд╛ рддреЛ рд╕рд┐рд░реЗ рд╕реЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╕рд╛рд░реА рдЦрдмрд░реЗрдВ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рд┐рдпрд╛рд╕рдд рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдХрддрдИ рд╕рд░рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИрдВред
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╕рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд╛рдордмрдВрдж.
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╣рдХ рд╣рдХреВрдХ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓реА рдХрд╛ рдкреИрд░реЛрдХрд╛рд░
рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдореБрдХреНрдд рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдЬрдп рдЬрдпрдХрд╛рд░
рд╣реИрд░рдд рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐ рдореАрд╝рдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдмреЗрджрдЦрд▓ рдХреИрдВрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ
рд╣реЛрдХ рдХрд▓рд░рд╡ рдХ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд▓рд╛рдордмрдВрдж
INDIAN EXPRESS Reports:
Kolkata | Published:August 23, 2015 12:13 am
Students 'gherao' the V-C at her office, Saturday. (Source: Express Photo by Subham Dutta)
Presidency University Saturday held its third convocation amid high drama and presence of heavy police force even as the 26-hour-long gherao of its Vice-Chancellor Anuradha Lohia ended after she was allowed by the protesting students to leave the campus over her deteriorating health.
The students, however, insisted on her resignation. "We decided to let her leave the campus since she was unwell, but our protests will continue. We will continue to occupy the office until she resigns," Trisha Chanda, general secretary of the students union, said.
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The call to boycott given by a section of protesting students failed to cast shadow over the convocation ceremony.
The mood at the university campus was divided as many students shouted 'we want convocation' while others shouted slogans demanding the V-C's resignation over alleged police assault on students protesting during Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee's visit to campus Friday.
During her convocation speech, Lohia said, "We were faced with rather unpleasant incidents in the past 24 hours. But I must say every challenge is an opportunity and my dear faculty and students stood by me and made sure that nothing marred the convocationтАж"
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As India and Pakistan face off over talks this week, a journey back in time to a war no one won by The Indian Express
India may be celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the 1965 war this month but it will need a lot more than a "war carnival" at Rajpath to etch it in public memory. If 1965 is truly India's forgotten war, there are reasons for it.
Sandwiched between the humiliation suffered at the hands of the Chinese in 1962 and the exhilaration of a Pakistani surrender in 1971, the 1965 war resulted in a stalemate. There were no surrender ceremonies at Dhaka's Race Course Ground like in 1971 nor was there an emotional "Ae mere watan ke logonтАж" which brought Jawaharlal Nehru to tears like in 1962. 1965 didn't change the political geography of the sub-continent; no territories exchanged hands. Before the ink on the Tashkent Agreement had dried, then prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri passed away, overshadowing everything that had happened earlier.
The war was the product of a certain geopolitical and temporal context. The Indian Army had lost badly to the Chinese in 1962, which created a sense of false superiority in the Pakistan army. Hoping to squeeze India with Chinese support, Pakistan had ceded land in Pakistan Occupied┬аKashmir┬аto China. As a member of various Western military alliances, Pakistan had also benefited from American aid and military equipment. Pakistan was politically stable and its economy was held up by top economists as an example for other developing countries.
READ: Key Battles тАУ Memorials, war stories keep Asal Uttar alive
Ayub Khan's belief that "Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple of hard blows at the right time and place" was emboldened by his army's performance during the limited conflict in the Rann of Kutch in April 1965. The award of the international Kutch Tribunal had given 350 sq km territory to Pakistan and put Shastri under pressure.
Meanwhile, India was still in the process of strengthening and modernising its armed forces following the 1962 debacle and 1965 seemed like an opportune time for Pakistan to move in. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Ayub's young and ambitious foreign minister, had been speaking of an Algeria like uprising in┬аKashmir┬аwhich would finish "the unfinished business of Partition". Bhutto was the brain behind Operation Gibraltar, where Pakistan aimed to stage an insurrection in J&K through massive infiltration, sabotage and subversion.
Rudra Chaudhuri, senior lecturer at King's College, London, says, "This was Bhutto's war тАФ an opportunity seized by a relatively young and ambitious actor working behind the scenes. The┬аKashmir┬аcell, led by those drawn to this maverick, convinced Ayub Khan of the potential for rebellion in┬аKashmir."
But, Chaudhuri adds, "Neither Bhutto nor Ayub imagined the outbreak of war. Hypnotised into believing that rebellion in┬аKashmir┬аsupported by the Pakistani army would lead to the overthrow of Indian rule, Ayub and his army chief, General Musa Khan, were dumbstruck when India opened a second front."
That second front was in Punjab. After the failure of Operation Gibraltar, Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slam to capture Jammu and isolate Srinagar from the rest of India. Shastri decided to escalate the war across the international border taking Pakistan by surprise. Worried about the Chinese threat, India did not target East Pakistan.
The 1965 war ended in 22 days, when General J N Chaudhuri mistakenly assumed that the army was running out of ammunition and had suffered considerable tank losses. He advised Shastri to agree to a ceasefire even though the prime minister wanted to prolong the war by a few days if India could win a spectacular victory.
For India, there were many high points of the war. Indians, despite their less sophisticated equipment, performed better than the Pakistanis. Pakistani tanks met with disaster in the battlefields of Asal Uttar and Phillora. India's offensive thrust in┬аKashmir┬аled to the capture of the strategically important Haji Pir Pass and some tactically crucial heights in Kargil. In Punjab, the army reached close to the outskirts of Lahore but did not press on. India, however, suffered from poor military leadership, flawed intelligence assessment and a rather poor strategy of delivering a large number of inconsequential jabs instead of deep, powerful thrusts inside Pakistani territory.
The Indian Navy didn't participate in the war and the performance of the IAF was mixed. Pushpindar Singh, author of IAF's three-volume official history, Himalayan Eagles, says, "The first air war in the sub-continent was at best a draw. The smaller in size Pakistan Air Force certainly did better in the opening rounds but towards the end, the Indian Air Force gradually got its act together and was increasingly dominant at time of the ceasefire".
According to then defence minister Y B Chavan's War Diary, published by his aide R D Pradhan, Chavan gave the Army and the IAF the go-ahead to launch attacks across the ceasefire line (now the LoC) without consulting the Emergency Committee of the Cabinet. This account is corroborated by the then defence secretary PVR Rao and army chief General Chaudhuri.
The 1965 war also set the template for political control of the military during wars. As historian Srinath Raghavan says, "The principal lesson drawn by political and military leaders from the debacle of 1962 was to give the military a free hand in operational matters. Hence, in 1965, the politicians consciously refrained from enquiring too deeply into the actual conduct of war. This lack of adequate civilian oversight was one reason why India did not achieve a better outcome. The 'victory' in 1965 also cemented the notion that this was the best way to conduct civil-military relations, an assumption that prevails to date."
Politically, it was a tough time for Shastri. He had sent a strong message by refusing to restrict the war to J&K. Before leaving for Tashkent, he had publicly announced that he would never return Haji Pir Pass. But, as former ambassador to Pakistan K S Bajpai, who was part of the Indian delegation at Tashkent, says, "I don't know how we convinced ourselves to sign on what we did when Shastriji remained opposed to giving Haji Pir back. The pressure of Soviets not using a veto at the Security Council on┬аKashmir┬аmay have done the trick."
"In the end, Pakistan as a nation achieved little," says Chaudhuri. India did slightly better even though the military gains were lost at the diplomatic table.
Trouble in Kanjarkot, Rann of Kutch, as Pakistani trespassing increases. More incidents by Jan-Feb 1965
India's 31 Infantry Brigade instructed to capture Kanjarkot in Operation Kabaddi. Pakistan retaliates, launches Desert Hawk II. Raiding party of 6 Punjab (Pakistan) kills eight Indians.
Ceasefire negotiations begin. Both sides agree to restore status quo as of January 1, 1965. Ceasefire signed. Is to take effect from July 1.
Indian military authorities, prompted by ceasefire violations in J&K, decide not to remain passive any longer. Launch offensive.
Pakistan's 12 Infantry Division, led by Maj Gen Akhtar Hussain Malik, launches extensive infiltration. Under Operation Gibraltar, 30,000 men are pushed across the ceasefire line (now called LoC) into J&K.
Indian leadership decides Pakistan needs to be dealt with strongly. India's 68 Infantry Brigade is tasked to capture Haji Pir Pass in operation codenamed "Bakshi". Haji Pir sector is secured. India's XI Corps and I Corps plan offensive in Lahore and Sialkot. Offensive called off due to ceasefire on the night of September 23.
Pakistan makes a three-pronged attack. At 3 pm, Brigadier Manmohan Singh, commander of 191 Brigade Group, calls for IAF support when Pakistani tanks have reached 450 metres from Brigade HQ. IAF support arrives at 5 pm and bombs Pakistan army's gun posts causing damage to all artillery ammunition lorries, tank ammunition. Brigade HQ is moved to Jaurian and given responsibility of defence of Akhnoor.
Pakistan Sabre jets bomb Jaurian in Jammu but despite initial success and closing in on Akhnoor, Pakistan's Grand Slam loses momentum. Then, Pakistan carries out air raid on Amritsar.
UN Security Council adopts a resolution jointly sponsored by six non permanent members for immediate ceasefire in┬аKashmir. Indian PM Lal Bahadur Shastri blames Pakistan for situation in J&K.
Pakistan's famed Patton tanks launch a tank offensive on Manawan in Khemkaran sector. A recoilless gun mounted by Havaldar Abdul Hamid knocks out three Patton tanks. Hamid is posthumously awarded Param Vir Chakra.
Shastri makes a statement in Parliament, puts blame on Pakistan.
Bhutto makes an impassioned statement on┬аKashmir┬аat UNSC emergency session. Reads out Ayub Khan's statement that Pakistan is unsatisfied with ceasefireтАж India's permanent representative to UN, G Parthasarathi, conveys that India has accepted ceasefire and asks for a new date to implement it. UNSC fixes it at 3.30 pm on September 23
Guns go silent.
Indian and Pakistani leaders meet in Tashkent, Soviet Union, for talks
Shastri and Ayub Khan reach a final agreement. Joint declaration is signed by 4.30 pm.
Shastri dies of heart attack at 1.30 am.
(Compiled by Pranav Kulkarni)
They were at the forefront
Sikh Regiment, former ADC to GOC-in-C Western Command Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh in 1965
"For me, it was a great opportunity as a youngster to be with Army Commander, Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh, who was commanding the entire Western Army which was at war. I saw the Commander at work and not once did I see him stressed. He didn't show any signs of panic in the worst of conditions, and this (confidence) spread (across the regiment) and that is why the Army did so well."
***
former ambassador to Pakistan (1976-80), who was posted in Karachi during the 1965 war
It is definitely a time to introspect. We may have been successful in stopping Pakistan's misadventure for the time being in 1965, but we have not managed to leave a lasting impact on them. Pakistan's determination to wrest┬аKashmir┬аfrom us, by any means, fair or foul, still exists. So, measures to tackle such stance must be a part of our policy.
***
veteran journalist who, in his book Beyond The Lines тАУ An Autobiography, has chronicled the 1965 conflict
"The 1965 war at best was a draw or just a small edge over Pakistan. Lahore was important but we did have to bypass it. We are boasting too much. We could not avoid itтАж(Many years ago) I wanted to talk to Ayub Khan, Pakistan's president then. He said I should talk to (Zulfikar Ali) Bhutto as it was his war. When I met Bhutto, he said, 'I had really thought that if Pakistan could beat India, this is the time. I was wrongтАж.'"
***
8 Cavalry, awarded Vir Chakra for the 1965 war
"I consider myself lucky that I participated in the entire war. It was providence that I was not injured in the beginning of the war and suffered injuries only at the fag end when my regiment was trying to re-capture the village of Mchhike in Khemkaran sector from the Pakistani Army."
***
3 Cavalry, fought the 1965 battle
"The bulk of my regiment was deployed in Khemkaran sector in the Battle of Asal Utar while one squadron was near Attari to prevent a flanking Pakistani attack. The morale was high. Troops under my command shot down a Patton tank as it came down the Lahore-Amritsar road and we never saw any Pattons again
in that area".
(Compiled by Pranav Kulkarni)
- See more at: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/big-picture-1965-fifty-years-later/#sthash.ID13lOSi.dpufPathapally: Mahad of the 21st Century
Anand Teltumbde
The Pathapally Dalit Baditha Nyaya Porata Samiti (PDBNPS), a united front of 11 organizations, created to spearhead the struggle of the Dalits of Pathapally village, decided to observe 25th┬аanniversary of the Tsundur Massacre on ┬аAugust 6, and take a long march from Pebber to Pathapally to stress their demands which the administration chose to ignore despite a series of protests it carried out over more ┬аthan two months, including a relay fast from 8 July at the Ambedkar statue, not very far from the Pebber Mandal Office. On the previous day, the administration declared that it would impose section 144, right from the Pebber exit on the Hyderabad-Bengaluru highway and ban the entry to Pathapally village on August 6. But in an exemplary display of defiance nearly seven thousand Dalits from surrounding villages gathered in solidarity with the Pathapally Dalits and compelled the administration to accept their demands with a definite commitment for implementation. Pathapally struggle is by far the first Dalit struggle after the formation of the Telangana state and first to expose that even Telangana which had surfeit of legacy of radical movements right from the pre-independence period was not immune to caste atrocities. The importance of this struggle is not however confined to Telangana, it could well be considered Mahad of the 21st century that could herald the advent of new genre of the Dalit movement for the coming times.
The Trigger
Pathapally, a small village in Pebber Mandal in Mehboobnagar district of the youngest state of Telangana that came into being out of popular movement that devoured more than 600 youth, is less than 15 km away from the Hyderabad-Bengaluru express way, connecting India's two most presentable global cities, epitomes of her high-end modernity. But it takes you away to at least 100 years back when Dalits were not allowed to enter temples, use common water sources and were compelled to meekly obey the dictates of dominated castes. Those who wonder why Dalits had endured their oppression and not rebelled against it for over two millennia might find their answer in Pathapally. The Dalits of Pathapally suffered all these years the brute force of domination of the upper caste Boyas. As such the struggle they waged against this oppression since ┬аMay 1 signifies new awakening and gets it closer to Mahad, where nearly nine decades ago Dalits had waged their epic struggle for the very similar purpose. The trigger for Mahad was passing of the Bole resolution in the Legislative Council of Bombay and subsequent adoption by the Mahad municipality which opened all public water tanks for Dalits. Pathapally Dalits did not have to wait for any such resolution; the constitution of the country having granted them these rights way back in 1950 and in addition brought in stringent laws against the upper castes discriminating against or perpetrating atrocities on them.
The trigger for Pathapally came on the May Day when a Madiga (Dalit) boy Raghuram, a bus conductor in the Telangana Road Transport Corporation, one of the three lucky Dalits from 40 odd families to have some regular employment, expressed an innocuous desire to do puja in the village temple after his marriage, to a local Congress MLA, G Chinna Reddy, who was among the guests. The MLA assured him to follow him but when he along with other Dalits reached the temple the MLA was not to be found. Thinking that they had blessings of the MLA, Madigas went ahead entering the temple and doing puja. Next day, when Raghuram's mother went to distribute beetle leaves to the Boyas as per the custom, they threatened her that they would kill Raghuram for daring to take Madigas into the temple. Incidentally, Boyas, who are the dominant caste in Pathapally, themselves rank the lowest among the BCs and have been seeking scheduled tribe status for themselves since 2012. The temple priest Krishnamachari performed the yagna for purification and reprimanded Boyas for letting Madigas pollute the gods. In the night Boyas had a meeting and decided social boycott against the Madigas. The saga of atrocities on Pathapally Madigas began from there. The Madigas had to walk through a kilometer long road passing through the Boya part of the village to reach their colony at the lower end. They were teased, abused in caste names, thrown stones at, assaulted with minor pretext, and variously harassed.
On May 4, some Madiga youth went to Pebberu and informed the Tehsildar in Prajawani (a forum for voicing people's grievances) about this harassment. In response, Tehsildar Pandu Nayak along with Prakash Yadav, sub-inspector of police (SI) and some policemen visited the Madiga hamlet, established a police picket and opened the doors of temple to let Madigas in. However, as the Tehsildar left the village, a mob of 300-400 Boya youth rushed in and attacked the Madigas in front of the SI and drove them to Dalit colony. From thereon, the harassment and assaults intensified. In order to avoid these daily ordeals, Madigas decided on June 1, to leave their homes and shift to the housing plots near the Pebberu-Kollapur road which were allotted to them by the then AP government in 2008. They erected their hutments, brought building materials and began living there. However, the priest and the village revenue officer (VRO) incited the Boyas that if Madigas lived at the upper part of the village, they would pollute the entire village and bring bad omen. In order to push them back to their old colony, on June 3, the Boyas came in hundreds and buried one, Chinna Sayanna, who died the previous night, right in the midst of Madiga hutments. Madigas approached police. The police headed by DSP, Vanaparthi accompanied by a circle inspector, SI and 60 odd policemen came to the village the next day (June 4) but could not stop the Boyas burying another dead, Godanna, in the midst of the Madiga hutments right in front of the police. Madigas resorted to rasta roko on Pebberu-Kollapur road in protest. Police who helplessly watched the Boyas bury their dead amidst Madiga hutments, resorted to severe lathi charge on the protesting Madigas. Jitendra Reddy, SI, Pebberu took 20 Dalits including Raghuram into custody and beat them black and blue. Even women were not spared by male policemen. Many of them were still taking private treatment for injuries when I met them on 19 July. ┬а┬а
Skeletons Tumble Out
The episode that began with an innocuous desire of a Dalit to enter temple, after 65 years of the constitutional guarantee to do so, exposed the years of injustice and terror the Dalits meekly endured. Just close to the newly allotted housing plots, one Narayana Madiga was allotted a patta of 1 acre and 13 gunthas agriculture land. With all formalities completed, he began cultivating it from 2001 but the dominant Boyas could not stomach the idea. They started burying their dead on his land and putting up memorial structures. While their traditional burial ground lay just across the village road and had only 3-4 such structures over several generations, the new burial ground already had over a dozen of them. Narayana was harassed into eventually giving up cultivation in 2007. As we travelled into the Madiga colony, many more things came to lime light. The village had a water tank but it supplied to only Boya houses. For Dalits, there were separate bore wells, from which underground pipe carried salty water to Dalit colony. It opened into four pits with an opening each where from Dalits drew water. The sight was so appalling that I had to ask a Madiga lady for demonstration to believe it. Beyond the Dalit village was a huge tank, which was said to have swallowed Dalit lands. Total of 54 acres of lands belonging to them was submerged rendering them landless labourers. Such is the terror of Boyas that Madigas could not utter a word of dissent. The tank standing on their lands reportedly fetches over Rs 12 lakhs annually from the auction for fishing, and irrigates Boya lands. What Madigas got in return is inundation of their houses during rainy season that brought along serpents and other reptiles for their company. While the Boyas evicted Madigas from their own lands, they have usurped the village common lands with impunity and put up semi-permanent cow sheds and warehouses. ┬а┬а
Interestingly, the sarpanch of Pathapally is one Madiga woman, Subhadra, who was previously a cook in the village school under the mid-day meal scheme. Boyas had objected to her being a cook but accepted her as the sarpanch of the gram panchayat. In the current caste polarization between Boyas and Madigas, her family is on the side of the Boyas and against agitating Madigas. In contrast, one Boya, Pedda Vusanna, who had been allotted a housing plot along with Madigas is on the Madiga side. Interestingly, Subhadra also gets water from the Madiga bore wells but would not speak a word against the dominant Boyas and Pedda Vusanna is punished by his own caste men by demolishing his hut and severely beating his wife, son and daughter.
Tsundur day and the Long March
The lathi charge on June 4, catapulted Pathapally to the pages of district newspapers. The Kula Nirmulan Porata Samiti (Committee for the Struggle for Annihilation of Castes) (KNPS) picked up the issue and formed a united front styled as Pathapally Dalitha Badhitha Nyaya Porata Samiti on June 10, to spearhead the struggle. It comprised KNPS, Telangana Praja Front (TPF), Praja Kala Mandali (PKM), Chaitanya Mahila Sangham (CMS), Civil Liberties Committee (CLC), Palamuru Adhyayana Vedhika, Telangana Vidyarthi Vedhika (TVV), Ambedkar Yuvajana Sangham, Democratic Teachers Federation (DTF), Madiga Students Front (MSF), and Jalavanarula Samrakshana Samithi. This new outfit organized a dharna in front of the collector office in Mehboobnagar on June 23, but no one paid any heed to it. Dejected with the continuing neglect of the administration, it decided to do indefinite sit-in at the Ambedkar statue near the Pebber Mandal Office with relay fast from July 8. Even then none in the administration felt the need to speak to them. The KNPS requested me to come and intervene in the struggle which I could do on July 19. I met the relay-fasters at Pebber and thereafter, accompanied by some KNPS and PDBNPS activists, went to Pathapally. I carried out my own investigations and addressed an impromptu press meet in the Madiga colony. The next day, Pathapally got prominently flashed for the first time in the Hyderabad papers and through the Hindu report became national news. On July 20, we again had a formal press conference at Hyderabad which further added to its exposure. It stirred up the establishment but negatively. That very day (July 20) some goons feigning as MRPS (Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti) activists came and broke the pandal and had a scuffle with the agitating inmates threatening them to stop the agitation. They had to beat retreat before the resolve of the agitating people. The administration however remained unmoved.
In order to create pressure on the government, the PDBNPS in consultation with me decided to observe 25th anniversary of the Tsundur massacre on August 6 and take an eight kilometer long march to Pathapally after the meeting at Pebber. The district administration had taken a serious note of it and declared that they would not allow it to happen. It clamped section 144 right from the entry to the Pebber town up to Pathapally. In the morning the entire area was cordoned off by the police. Before starting off from the Hyderabad airport to Pebber, I called up the SP and the (special) collector to understand their plans and informed them my desire to discuss the matters. As we reached Pebber, people began gathering and soon the crowd swell to four to five thousand. The Additional Police Superintendent (ASP) DV Srinivas Rao who headed the police there spoke with me and got my assurance that everything would be peaceful. After the speeches of the prominent activists in observance of the Tsundur Day, I addressed the gathering and gave a formal call for the long march to Pathapally. It opened up the floodgates of peoples' enthusiasm and before we could manage to come out, they began marching towards Pathapally. Many people poured in on the way to stretch the rally for nearly two km, packed with slogan shouting people. The procession reached Pathapally by 3 pm. The sloganeering reached high pitch as it entered the village. People strolled into the temple, the entry to which had triggered off the entire episode. After taking round of the Madiga colony, the procession converted itself into a public meeting on the land belonging to Narayana Madiga. The two big pandals put up for the purpose could barely accommodate a fraction of the crowd. ┬а
As the speeches began, it started raining heavily but people remained unmoved. Around 5 pm, I along with Prof Lakshminarayana of the University of Hyderabad, M Raghavachary, B Abhinava, and K Jayaraj of the PDBNPS went to the Special Collector and Additional SP, who were waiting for us, for discussion. The discussion went on for three hours at the Scheduled Caste Welfare Hostel in the nearby village of Srirangapuram in Peppirair Mandal. The administration represented by the Special Collector Vanaja Devi and ASP Srinivas Rao extended exemplary understanding and displayed dignified appreciation of the struggle and gracefully accepted all our demands, except for the charging Jitendra Reddy under the SC/ST Atrocity Act and the suspension of the RDO and the DSP under whose supervision the huts of Dalits were demolished. About the first matter, Srinivas Rao wanted to discuss with the SP before making a commitment and about the second Vanaja Devi assured us that the action would be taken as per the CCA rules. We accepted it in good spirit. The accepted demands included: (1) Fencing off the graveyard created by the Boyas on Madiga lands and disallowing any more burials there, (2) The heirs of Narayana Madiga to be given 23 gunthas land which they lost in the burials of Boyas within three months; (3) 45 house pattas to be given to the Dalits within a week and construction of two-bedroom houses ┬аto start on top priority under the government scheme; (4) 18 huts and one shutter that were demolished by RDO/DSP to be made good within a week; (5) Madigas who lost about 54 acres of land in the village tank to be compensated with equivalent land under the government's land purchase scheme within three months if they had proof of patta or cultivation; (6) the fake cases filed against Madigas vide FIR 65 and 67 of 2015 and another case under section 107 against 23 Madigas to be investigated and withdrawn within 10 days; (7) Jannaiah, Erranna and others from Boya community to be charged under IPC 307 as per the complaint; (8) Boya Mallesh and Anjanelu to be arrested under the SC/ST Atrocity Act according to the FIR 55 of 2015; (9) ┬аthe temple priest Krishnamachari to be tried under the SC/ST Atrocity act; (10) the cases to be filed against the persons named in the last 11 incidents in the village; and (11) cases to be filed against the five families who buried their dead on the Madiga lands. The special Collector in addition assured that she would put in special efforts to normalize relations between the Boyas and Madigas to establish peace. The Additional SP also assured us to maintain police vigil and protect Dalits from any reprisal from the Boyas.
Reminiscing Mahad
Comparison of Pathapally with the iconic Mahad struggle under the leadership of Babasaheb Ambedkar might sound audacious but in many ways it is reminiscent of the former. After the attack on the Dalits on 20 March 1927 in retaliation for their 'polluting' the Chavadar tank, Ambedkar had consciously planned the Satyagraha conference on 25 December. It envisaged a team of satyagrahis offering a daily satyagraha at the Chavadar tank by drinking its water. However, some orthodox Hindus had fraudulently managed to obtain a court injunction just a few days before the conference, claiming that the Chavadar tank was actually a Chaudhary tank, a private property and hence it did not come under the purview of the Bole resolution. The entire conference debated whether to go ahead with saytyagraha or not. The overwhelming majority of the 10,000 delegates that came for the satyagraha were determined to go ahead defying the injunction and to court arrest. But eventually at the behest of Ambedkar, they relented and agreed to return without performing satyagraha. Similar situation was created on 6 August for us by the administration by clamping section 144. But sensing the resolve of the several thousand Dalits that began gathering there, it took a sensible stand and averted unseemly consequences. In Mahad, the situation was certainly far more congenial than at Pathapally to exhibit the Dalit resolve to secure their human rights but unfortunately the historical opportunity was lost in giving up the satyagraha as it also happened in the decision to not retaliate the attack during the previous conference.
Pathapally, perhaps reflected the learning from Mahad that the mode of struggle depends upon the adversary and that the state is not necessarily a friend of Dalits or even a neutral arbiter in social conflicts. The Mahad struggle had got strangled into court battles which when won after 10 years proved to be a Pyrrhic victory. The Pathapally was surely more complex than Mahad. While Mahad was focused on a symbolic assertion of civil rights of Dalits, which were already granted them, Pathapally involved actual civil and criminal issues against the dominant community. Mahad had largely pitched itself against the orthodox Hindu society whereas Pathapally was clear that it was confronting both, the dominant community as well as the state. Mahad had a largely non-partisan colonial state to induce a notion of neutrality, but Pathapally had to knowingly deal with the neoliberal state, which characteristically tended to ignore the weak and shelter the strong. It could only bend under the pragmatic exigencies of public pressure. Pathapally reflected clarity, learning from its predecessors with which it could strategize and secure victory in one go, which Mahad could not. While such advancement in strategy, execution and consequent aftermath in Pathapally over Mahad is a natural learning consequence, it does not rob it of its similarities with Mahad. Indeed, Pathapally could be seen as Mahad of the 21st century!
While it is shameful for India to need Mahads, it may be necessary for Dalits to herald a new genre of Dalit movement.
Daily Newsletter | Sunday, August 23, 2015 | ||||
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Tamil nation must ensure TNA holds true to elected mandate - JS Tissainayagam | ||||
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