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Rojava

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rojava

ڕۆژاڤای کوردستان

Rojavayê Kurdistanê

Flag

Anthem: "Ey Reqîb"

0:00

Status

de facto autonomous region of Syria

Capital

Qamişlo (Qamishli)[1][2]

Official languages

Democratic confederalism [4][5][6][7][8]

•

Co-President

Asya Abdullah

•

Co-President

Salih Muslim Muhammad

Autonomous region

•

Autonomy Proposed

July 2013

•

Autonomy Declared

November 2013

•

Regional government established

November 2013

•

Interim Constitution Adopted

January 2014

Population

•

2014 estimate

4.6 million [9]

Currency

Syrian pound (SYP)

Rojava

This article is part of a series on the

politics and government of

Rojava

National symbols[show]

Constitution [show]

Government [show]

Legislature[show]

Elections[show]

Political parties[show]

Administrative divisions[show]

Foreign relations [show]

Politics portal

Syrian Kurdistan or Western Kurdistan (Kurdish: ڕۆژاڤای کوردستان‎, Rojavayê Kurdistanê),[10][11] commonly known in Kurdish as Rojava, is a de factoautonomous region in northern Syria.[12] The region gained its autonomy in November 2013 as part of the ongoing Rojava Revolution, establishing a society based on principles of direct democracy, gender equality, andsustainability.[13] Rojava consists of the three cantons of (from east to west)Jazira, Kobani and Afrin. Rojava is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria[14] and is a participant in the Syrian Civil War.[15]

Kurds generally consider Rojava to be one of the four parts of a greaterKurdistan, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and western Iran (Eastern Kurdistan).[16] However, Rojavan government and society is polyethnic.[17]

[hide]

3.3.1Arabization policy of Syrian governments

3.4Rojava Revolution

4The Non-Government structures of the people

5Human rights

6Economy

6.1Resources

Name[edit]

Rojava (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê‎, from rojava meaning "west") is also known asWestern Kurdistan or Syrian Kurdistan.

Geography[edit]

Map showing de facto cantons held by PYD forces in February 2014

Rojava lies to the west of the River Tigris along the Turkish border. There are three cantons: Jazira Canton, Kobani Canton and separately Afrin Canton. Jazira Canton also borders Iraqi Kurdistan to the southeast. Other borders are disputed in the Syrian Civil War. All cantons are at latitude approximately 36 and a half degrees north. They are relatively flat except for the Kurd Mountains in Afrin Canton.

History[edit]

Further information: Kurdistan, Kurds in Syria and Modern history of Syria

The Kurd Mountains were already Kurdish-inhabited when the Crusades broke out at the end of the 11th century.[18]

Ottoman Empire[edit]

French Mandate[edit]

Things soon changed, however, with the immigration of Kurds beginning in 1926 following the failure of the rebellion of Saeed Ali Naqshbandi against the Turkishauthorities.[34] While many of the Kurds in Syria have been there for centuries, waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syria, where they were granted citizenship by the French mandate authorities.[35] This large influx of Kurds moved to Syria's Jazira province. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria.[36]

Assyrians began to emigrate from Syria after the Amuda massacre of August 9, 1937.[37] This massacre, carried out by the Kurd Saeed Agha al-Dakuuri, emptied the city of its Assyrian population.[38][39] In 1941, the Assyrian community of al-Malikiyah was subjected to a vicious assault. Even though the assault failed, Assyrians were terrorized and left in large numbers, and the immigration of Kurds from Turkey to the area converted al-Malikiya, al-Darbasiyah and Amuda to completely Kurdish cities.[citation needed]

Pre-autonomy government from Damascus[edit]

Rojava under Syrian rule had little investment or development from the central government. Laws discriminated against Kurds from owning property, and many were without citizenship. Property was routinely confiscated by government loansharks. There were no high schools, and Kurdish language education in middle schools was forbidden, compromising Kurdish students' education. Hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside Rojava.[40]

Arabization policy of Syrian governments[edit]

According to Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch, successive Syrian governments continued to adopt a policy of ethnic discrimination and national persecution against Kurds, completely depriving them of their national, democratic and human rights. Syrian governments imposed ethnically-based programs, regulations and exclusionary measures on various aspects of Kurds' lives – political, economic, social and cultural – among which are the following:[41][42]

1958: The Baath party integrated Syria with Egypt in the United Arab Republic (UAR). As a result, recordings of Kurdish music were smashed in cafes and the publication and even possession of Kurdish books were offences punishable by imprisonment. Also Egyptian teachers were sent into Kurdish regions.[43][44]
1960: The inhabitants of Amuda (a Kurdish town) accused the authorities of causing a fire in a movie house that caused the death of 283 Kurdish children. The perpetrators were presumably motivated by anti-Kurdish sentiments.[43][44]
Between 1946 and 1957, the Kurds in Syria had no political organization. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS) was founded in 1957. In 1960, the leaders were arrested and tortured. Finally, more than 5000 associated people were arrested.[43][44]
Kurds in Syria were also victims of racist propaganda of the Arab media. One campaign launched by the Arab media sported slogans such as 'Save Arabism from Jazira' or 'Fight the Kurdish Menace'.
Kurdish language remained forbidden and the public school became for the Kurds a place of Arabization. According to "Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society" by Dr. Jordi Tejel,"with the increase in literate children in the Kurdish regions, a tight surveillance system was established there, following the example of the Turks, by means of 'spies,' to stop the children from speaking Kurdish among themselves. Children discovered in flagrant 'defiance' could be physically punished.[43][44]
In 1962 the Syrian authorities in Hasaka randomly stripped tens of thousands of Kurdish families (more than 120,000 Kurds[45]) of their Syrian nationality. A census was implemented exclusively in Hasaka province for a period of just 24 hours only, and as a result tens of thousands of Syrian citizens of Kurdish origins lost their nationality and found themselves deprived of their citizenship. The census prevented all those affected by it from exercising all the natural rights that are based on citizenship – civil, social, political, cultural and economic – from exercising their right to work, to employment, to education, travel, the right to own a property and use agricultural land and from living normal lives.[41][42]
In 1973 in the province of Hasaka, the Syrian authorities confiscated an area of fertile agricultural land owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of Kurdish citizens and gave it to Arab families brought in from the provinces of Aleppo and Ar-Raqqa. The National Leadership Bureau of the ruling Baath Party issued orders to establish 41 settlement centers in these areas, in order to change the demographic composition of these areas by evicting and displacing the Kurdish inhabitants. In 2007, Syrian authorities in the Agricultural Association in Malikiyah, Hasaka province, signed contracts granting 150 Arab families from the Shaddadi region, Hasaka province, about six thousand square kilometers in Malikiyah. At the same time, it evicted tens of thousands of Kurdish people from these villages, and forced them to move to other areas inside and outside of Syria in search of a decent living.[41][42]
In 1967, all references to Kurds in Syria were removed from geography curriculum books, and many Kurdish citizens were subject to pressure from the staff of the Civil Registry Departments to not give their children Kurdish names.[41][42]
In 1986, the governor of Hasaka issued a decree which prohibited the use of the Kurdish language in the workplace. In 1989, the governor of Hasaka, Mohammed Mustafa Miro, issued another decree to re-confirm this ban on speaking Kurdish and added to it a prohibition on non-Arabic songs at weddings and holidays.[41][42]
In the 1960s, Syrian authorities planned to change the original Kurdish names of scores of villages in Hasakeh governorate in the northeast and in the Kurdish area in the Kurd Mountains, in the northwest near Afrin in the governorate of Aleppo, and began to implement it in the 1970s. In Afrin the names of all Kurdish villages were changed to Arabic. Some of the names which were changed to Arabic are: Kobaniya (now Ain al-Arab), Girdeem (Sa`diyya), Chilara (Jowadiyya), Derunakoling (Deir Ayoub), and BaniQasri (Ain Khadra).[42]

Rojava Revolution[edit]

Main article: Rojava Revolution

Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of 15 November 2015.

Controlled by Syrian Government forces

Controlled by Kurdish forces (Rojava)

Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Controlled by al-Nusra Front

Controlled by Syrian opposition forces

(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War)

During the Syrian Civil War, Syrian government forces withdrew from three Kurdish enclaves, leaving control to local militias in 2012. Because of the war, People's Protection Units (YPG) were created by the Kurdish Supreme Committee to defend the Kurdish-inhabited areas in Syria. In July 2012 the YPG established control in the towns of Kobanî, Amuda and Afrin.[46]The two main Kurdish groups, the Kurdish National Council(KNC) and the Democratic Union Party (PYD), afterwards formed a joint leadership council to administer the towns.[46][dead link] Later that month the cities of Al-Malikiyah(Dêrika Hemko), Ra's al-'Ayn (Serê Kaniyê), Al-Darbasiyah(Dirbêsî), and Al-Maabadah (Girkê Legê) also came under the control of the People's Protection Units.

The only major Kurdish-majority cities that remained under government control were Al-Hasaka and Qamishli,[47][48]although parts of both soon also came under the control of the YPG.

In July 2013, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) began to forcibly displace Kurdish civilians from towns in Ar-Raqqah governorate. After demanding that all Kurds leave Tell Abyad on or else be killed, thousands of civilians, includingTurkmen and Arab families, fled on 21 July. Its fighters looted and destroyed the property of Kurds, and in some cases, resettled displaced Arab Sunni families from the Qalamoun area (Rif Damascus), Dayr Az-Zawr and Ar-Raqqah, in abandoned Kurdish homes. A similar pattern was documented in Tel Arab and Tal Hassel in July 2013. As ISIL consolidated its authority in Ar-Raqqah, Kurdish civilians were forcibly displaced from Tel Akhader, and Kobanî in March and September 2014, respectively.[49]

Map of the territory changes during the YPG-led Northern Syria offensive (2015)

In 2014, Kobanî was besieged by ISIL and later liberated by YPG forces and the Free Syrian Army cooperating as Euphrates Volcano, with air support from United States-led airstrikes.

In January 2015, the YPG fought against Syrian regime forces inHassakeh,[50] and clashed with those stationed in Qamishli in June 2015.[51] After the latter clashes, Nasir Haj Mansour, a Kurdish official in the northeast stated "The regime will with time get weaker ... I do not imagine the regime will be able to strengthen its position".[52]

The Non-Government structures of the people[edit]

The Kurdish Supreme Committee (Desteya Bilind a Kurd, DBK) was established by the Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Council (KNC) as the governing body of Rojava in July 2012.[53] The member board consists of an equal number of PYD and KNC members.[54] In November 2013, the PYD announced an interim government divided into three non-contiguous autonomous areas or cantons, Afrin, Jazira andKobani.[55]

The political system of Rojava is inspired by democratic confederalism and communalism. It is influenced by anarchist andlibertarian principles, and is considered by many a type of libertarian socialism.[56] The Constitution of Rojava has protection for currency, property rights and free trade.[57] The basic unit at the local level is the community which pools resources for education, protection and governance. At a national level communities are unrestricted in deciding their own economic decisions on who they wish to sell to and how resources are allocated. There is a broad push for social reform, gender equality and ecological stabilization in the region.[58]

Political writer David Romano describes it as pursuing "a bottom-up, Athenian-style direct form of democratic governance". He contrasts the local communities taking on responsibility vs the strong central governments favoured by many states. In this model, states become less relevant and people govern through councils.[59] Rojava divides itself into regional administrations called cantons named after the Swiss cantons.[57]

Moving towards democratic autonomy[edit]

The governance model of Rojava has an emphasis on local management, with regions divided into cantons with democratically elected committees to make decisions. The Movement for a Democratic Society (also known as TEV-DEM) is the political coalition governing Rojava.

Its programme immediately aimed to be "very inclusive" and people from a range of different backgrounds became involved (including Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, and Turkmen (from Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi religious groups). It sought to "establish a variety of groups, committees and communes on the streets in neighborhoods, villages, counties and small and big towns everywhere". The purpose of these groups was to meet "every week to talk about the problems people face where they live". The representatives of the different community groups meet 'in the main group in the villages or towns called the "House of the People"'.

According to Zaher Baher of the Haringey Solidarity Group, the TEV-DEM has been "the most successful organ" in Rojava because it has the "determination and power" to change things, it includes many people who "believe in working voluntarily at all levels of service to make the event/experiment successful", and it has "set up an army of defence consisting of three different parts" - the YPG, the YPJ, the Asayish (a "mixed force of men and women that exists in the towns and all the checkpoints outside the towns to protect civilians from any external threat"), and "a special unit for women only, to deal with issues of rape and domestic violence".[60]

Centralised political representation[edit]

Alongside TEV-DEM there is the Kurdish Supreme Committee, the interim governing body of Rojava which consists of an equal number of Democratic Union Party (PYD) and Kurdish National Council (KNC) members, and a smaller number ofSyriac Union Party (Syria) members.[54] This council is mainly concerned with external affairs.

There are no plans for independence from Syria, but for self-administration and control of local resources.[61]

Elections for a new government were planned to be held before the end of 2014,[62] but this was postponed due to fighting.Local elections were eventually held in March 2015.

There are 20 ministries dealing with the economy, agriculture, natural resources, and foreign affairs.[62] Among other stipulations outlined is a quota of 40% for women's participation in government, as well as another quota for youth. In connection with a decision to introduce affirmative action for ethnic minorities, all governmental organizations and offices are based on a co-presidential system.[63]

Human rights[edit]

Rojava constitution[edit]

According to the Constitution of Rojava,[64][65][66][67] the administration of the de facto autonomous region is committed tointernational law regarding human rights. This includes the following amendments to Syrian law.

Equal rights for women and a ban on polygamy [68]
Religious freedom and equality of all ethnic groups
Ban on capital punishment and torture

Syrian opposition militias[edit]

According to a Human Rights report, since July 2013, Jabhat Al-Nusra, at times in coordination with other armed groups, carried out a series of killings of Kurdish civilians in Al Youssoufiyah, Qamishli and Al-Asadia (Al-Hasakah). During a raid by the Free Syrian Army, ISIS, the Islamic Front and Jabhat Al-Nusra battalions, fighters killed a Kurdish Yazidi man in Al-Asadia who refused to convert to Islam.[69]

ISIS[edit]

In June 2014, after ISIS defeated the Kurdish forces in the border city of Tell Abyad, ISIS fighters made an announcement from the minarets of the local mosques that all Kurds had to leave Tell Abyad on or else be killed. Thousands of civilians, including Turkmen and Arab families fled on 21 July.[49][70] Its fighters systematically looted and destroyed the property of Kurds, and in some cases, resettled displaced Arab Sunni families from the Qalamoun area (Rif Damascus), Dayr Az-Zawr and Ar-Raqqah in abandoned Kurdish homes.[49]

In June 2015 at least 220 Kurdish civilians were massacred in mass killings by ISIS Fighters[71][72] in their homes or killed by the group's rockets or snipers by an attack on the Syrian Kurdish town of Kobani on the Turkish border, which is one of the worst massacres carried out by ISIS in Syria. Women and children were among the bodies found inside houses and on the streets of Kobane. Also in a nearby village, IS reportedly shot dead at least 20 civilians, including women and children. TheSyrian Observatory for Human Rights said that ISIS fired at everything that moved.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79]

YPG militia[edit]

Some sources have accused PYD for human rights abuses which have been taken place in areas under their control.[80]The allegations include forcible recruitment, kidnappings, assassinations,[81] executions,[82] torture,[81] ethnic cleansing,[83]and expulsion.[81]

Legally women have equal rights and there are quotas for their political representation.[84] There is affirmative action to give power to minority groups and ethnicities as a guiding principle.

Human Rights Watch who was permitted to visit in early 2014, reported "arbitrary arrests, due process violations, and failed to address unsolved killings and disappearances" and made recommendations for government improvement.[81] However, Fred Abrahams, special advisor to HRW who visited Rojava and drafted the report, noted that the PYD has taken solid steps to addressing the problems and has been receptive to criticism. He notes that they are currently in the process of political transitioning from the Syrian government, training a new police force and creating a new legal system.[85]

There has also been multiple reports of teenage fighters serving in the YPG military. After criticism from Human Rights Watch when the problem persisted, the YPG pledged publically to demobilize all fighters under 18 within a month.[81] It is worth noting that the YPG is a "decentralised army", and individual units act autonomously.[86] However the YPG has taken steps to prevent teenage volunteer fighters under the age of 18. Torture is allegedly a common practice of PYD militias against opponents and those who refuse forcible recruitment.[80][87]

Violations of ethnic minorities[edit]

The YPG have been accused of ethnic cleansing against Arabs; which led to the fleeing of thousands and the destruction of several Arab villages[83]— a charge strongly denied by the Kurds.[88] The accusation was not backed by any evidence of ethnic or sectarian killings.[88] The head of Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the people who had fled into Turkey were escaping fighting and there was no systematic effort to force people out.[89]

A report by Kurdish human rights organization KurdWatch have said that YPG demanded residents of Arab villages around the Jabal ʿAbdulʿaziz (Çiyayê Kezwan) leave their villages in fears of the ISIL could count on support from the Arab population,[90] and burning houses of Arab villagers in Qamishli area in revenge for the YPG‑fighters killed at this location.[91]

In an interview by Society for Threatened Peoples with the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdulrahman said that all "ethnic cleansing" allegations against YPG were nonsense. He also explained that these allegations were propaganda of Turkish and Syrian National Congress origin, because of their hostility towards Kurds.[92]

On 13 October 2015, Amnesty international accused YPG of demolishing homes of village residents and forcing them out of areas under kurdish control.[93] Amnesty International said that YPG has targeted the villages that were controlled by ISIL or where a small minority were suspected of supporting the group.[93][94] YPG spokesman Redur Xelil said: "Very simply, this is a false allegation."[95] and PYD leader Salih Muslim and YPG spokesman strictly denied the Amnesty International claims.[94]

Forcible fighter recruitment[edit]

Several incidents of forcible recruitment, including 16-year-old boys, have happened in by PYD forces.[96] The latest of these events happened in Afrin District during which approximately two hundred young men were forcibly recruited.[97] In a previous incident on 12 June 2015, Christian men in Qamishli resisted a forcible kidnapping attempt for recruitment in PYD militia. The situation escalated further with the arrival of vehicles of the regime-affiliated Christian Sootoro militia and one YPG fighter was reportedly seriously injured.[98] In another incident, a 14-year-old girl was forcibly recruited.[99] Local Kurdish residents in Amuda had rallied against forcible recruitment of minors.[100]

Oppression against other political parties[edit]

The 2014 report by Human Rights Watch documented the alleged cases of "arbitrary arrests" and "unfair trials" that had occurred since the beginning of the revolution in 2012.[101] PYD and YPG officials claim that the few proven instances of misconduct are isolated incidents and not tolerated.[81] According to Kurdwatch several incidents allegedly involved assassination, violence, torture, or expulsion of political opponents of PYD militias. In one incident, the Asayiş, the security service of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), expelled two Yekîtî (rival Kurdish party) members from their homes inRumaylan.[102]

Economy[edit]

In 2012, the PYD launched what it originally called the Social Economy Plan, later renamed the People's Economy Plan (PEP). The PEP's policies are based primarily on the work of Abdullah Öcalan and ultimately seek to move beyondcapitalism in favor of democratic confederalism.[103]

Private property and entrepreneurship are protected under the principle of "ownership by use", although accountable to the democratic will of locally organized councils. Dr Dara Kurdaxi, a Rojavan economist, has said that: "The method in Rojava is not so much against private property, but rather has the goal of putting private property in the service of all the peoples who live in Rojava."[104][note 2]

The private sector is comparatively small, with the focus being on expanding social ownership of production and management of resources through communes and collectives. Several hundred instances of collectivization have occurred across towns and villages in all three cantons, with each commune consisting of approximately 20-35 people.[105] According to the Ministry of Economics, approximately three quarters of all property has been placed under community ownership and a third of production has been transferred to direct management by workers councils.[106]

There are also no taxes on the people or businesses in Rojava. Instead money is raised through border crossings, and selling oil or other natural resources.[107][108] Trade as well as access to both humanitarian and military aid is difficult as Rojava remains under a strict embargo enforced by Turkey.[109]

Price controls are managed by democratic committees per canton, which can set the price of basic goods such as for food and medical goods. This mechanism can also be used for managing public production to, for instance, produce more wheat to keep prices low for important goods.[108]

The government is seeking outside investment to build a power plant and a fertilizer factory.[110]

Resources[edit]

Oil and food production exceeds demand[62] so exports include oil and agricultural products such as sheep, grain and cotton. Imports include consumer goods and auto parts.[111] The border crossing of Yaroubiyah is intermittently closed by the Kurdistan Regional Government side. Turkey does not allow Syrian Kurd businesspeople or their goods to cross its border [112] although Rojava would like the border to be opened.[113]

Before the war, Al-Hasakah governorate was producing about 40,000 barrels of crude oil a day. However, during the war the oil refinery has been only working at 5% capacity due to lack of refining chemicals. Some people work at primitive oil refining, which causes more pollution.[114]

In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees,[115] but fewer than before.[116] The Rojavan government says that "none of our projects are financed by the regime".[113]

Military and police[edit]

PYD checkpoint in Afrin (August 2012)

Main articles: People's Protection Units and Sutoro

The DBK's armed wing is the People's Protection Units (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, YPG). Military service was declared compulsory in July 2014 [117] due to the ongoing war against Daesh.

The People's Protection Units was founded by the PYD party after the2004 Qamishli clashes, but it was not active until the Syrian Civil War.[118] As of the signing of the Arbil Agreement by the PYD andKurdish National Council (KNC), the YPG came under the nominal command of the Kurdish Supreme Committee, although in reality it is almost exclusively still the armed wing of the PYD.[119] The Sutoro is a Christian militia defending Assyrian areas. The police function in Rojava-controlled areas is performed by the Asayisharmed formation.

The YPG is a trained force utilising snipers and mobile weaponry to launch hit-and-run attacks and maneuvre quickly.

Relying on speed, stealth, and surprise, it is the archetypal guerrilla army, able to deploy quickly to front lines and concentrate its forces before quickly redirecting the axis of its attack to outflank and ambush its enemy. The key to its success is autonomy. Although operating under an overarching tactical rubric, YPG brigades are inculcated with a high degree of freedom and can adapt to the changing battlefield.[86]

The YPG is finding resupply difficult.[120]

The existing police force is trained in non-violent conflict resolution as well as feminist theory before being allowed access to a weapon. Directors of the Asayiş police academy have said that the long-term goal is to give all citizens six weeks of police training before ultimately eliminating the police.[121]

Demographics[edit]

Further information: Kurds in Syria and Demographics of Syria

Ethnicity[edit]

Most of the people in Rojava are ethnic Kurds.[62] Especially in Jazira Canton there are settlements of Arabs. Most of the people in Khanik and Al-Malikiyah in Jazira Canton are Assyrian. There are also Turkmens and Armenians.

Religion[edit]

Most people in Rojava are Muslim but some are Christian. There are also other minorities such as Zoroastrians andYazidism, but a lot of Kurdish people in Rojava defend laicism. Interfaith relations are good.[122]

Languages spoken[edit]

Kurdish, Arabic, Turkish (Syrian Turkmen dialect) and Syriac-Aramaic are spoken.

Population centres[edit]

Qamishli is the largest city in Jazira canton. Kobane and Efrin are the principal cities of the other cantons.

Foreign relations[edit]

Main article: Foreign relations of Rojava

Turkey claims the YPG is the same as the PKK, which is considered a terrorist organisation by the EU, NATO, US, and Turkey itself. However, YPG leaders insist that the PKK is a separate organization.[123] In 2014 Turkey was accused of supporting ISIS attacks on the YPG, allowing them to conduct attacks from the Turkish border and providing logistical support.[124]

There is military cooperation with Iraqi Kurdistan and the USA.

In January 2015, a UK parliament committee asked the government to explain and justify its policy of not working with the Rojava military to combat ISIS.[125]

France is supportive of Rojava.[126]

Notes[edit]

Jump up^ Modern Kurdistan is of much greater extent than the ancient Assyria, and is composed of two parts the Upper and Lower: In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. It contains five others, namely, Betlis, the ancient Carduchia, lying to the south and south west of the lake Van. East and south east of Betlis is the principality of Julamerick, south west of it is the principality of Amadia. The fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, which corresponds to the ancient city of Bezabde. The fifth and largest is Kara Djiolan, with a capital of the same name. The pashalics of Kirkook and Solimania also comprise part of Upper Kurdistan. Lower Kurdistan comprises all the level tract to the east of the Tigris, and the minor ranges immediately bounding the plains and reaching thence to the foot of the great range, which may justly be denominated the Alps of western Asia.
A Dictionary of Scripture Geography 1846, John Miles.[24]
Jump up^ This and other aspects of the Rojava revolution have led some anti-capitalists to criticise the revolution for not going far enough e.g. 'Anarchist Federation statement on the Rojava revolution'; Gilles Dauve, 'Rojava: reality and rhetoric'; Alex de Jong,'Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? - the evolving ideology of the PKK'; Anti War, ''I have seen the future and it works.'– Critical questions for supporters of the Rojava revolution', 'The grim reality of the Rojava Revolution - from an anarchist eyewitness' and Devrim Valerian, 'The bloodbath in Syria: class war or ethnic war?'. Other anti-capitalists have been significantly less critical e.g. David Graeber, 'No. This is a Genuine Revolution'; Janet Biehl, 'Poor in means but rich in spirit','From Germany to Bakur' and the Kurdistan Anarchist Forum

References[edit]

Jump up^http://basnews.com/en/News/Details/Syrian-Defense-Minister-in-Qamishli--We-won-t-let-anyone-take-Hasakah/21882
Jump up^"ISIS suicide attacks target Syrian Kurdish capital - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Jump up^"West Kurdistan divided into three cantons". ANF. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Jump up^ Jongerden, Joost. "Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East"(PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up^ Ocalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism(PDF). ISBN978-0-9567514-2-3. Retrieved 8 September2013.
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^ Jump up to:ab A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University
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Jump up^ McDowell, David (2005). A modern history of the Kurds (3. revised and upd. ed., repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 469. ISBN1850434166.
Jump up^ Bat Yeʼor (2002). Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. p. 159.
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Jump up^ Keith David Watenpaugh (2014). Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. p. 270.
Jump up^"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power".
^ Jump up to:abcde"Persecution and Discrimination against Kurdish Citizens in Syria"(PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
^ Jump up to:abcdef"SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)".Human Rights Watch.
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^ Jump up to:abcdTurkey Prefers Islamic State to Kurdish State, Gatestone Institute, 5. July 2015
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Jump up^Kurds take on Syria regime in Qamishli
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Jump up^"HRW: ISIS murdered 233 civilians in Kobanê since June". Dicle News Agency.
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Jump up^"Islamic State kills at least 145 civilians in Syria's Kobani". Reuters.
Jump up^"ISIS 'kills at least 146 civilians' in Kobane, activists say". Yahoo News.
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Jump up^"Isis in Kobani: Why we ignore the worst of the massacres". The Independent.
Jump up^"Syria Islamic State: Kurds 'claim control over Kobane'".BBC News.
Jump up^"Kurdish fighters retake Syria's Kobani". The Daily Mail.
^ Jump up to:ab"New interview: Nurman Ibrahim Khalifah, Student: They told her: "This PKK bullet is too good for you!" and shot her in the head". KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June2015.
^ Jump up to:abcdef"Syria: Abuses in Kurdish-run Enclaves".Human Rights Watch. 2014-06-18.
Jump up^"Daily Reports on Violations of Human Rights in Syria: 12/03/2015". Syrian Human Rights Committee. Retrieved27 June 2015.
^ Jump up to:ab"Thousands of Arabs driven out by Kurds' ethnic cleansing". The Times. 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
Jump up^"Syrian Kurds give women equal rights, snubbing jihadists". Yahoo.
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^ Jump up to:ab"Analysis: YPG - the Islamic State's worst enemy".
Jump up^"ʿAfrin: PYD kidnaps and tortures teenager and demands that she leave the country". KurdWatch. Retrieved26 June 2015.
^ Jump up to:ab"Kurdish Fighters Seize Large Parts of IS Border Stronghold". The New York Times.
Jump up^"Syrian Kurds battle Islamic State for town at Turkish border". Reuters.
Jump up^"Al-Hasakah: YPG expels Arab village residents".KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Qamishli: YPG captures IS‑strongholds in al‑Hasakah".KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Von 'ethnischen Säuberungen' in Til Abyad gegen die Araber oder Turkmenen kann keine Rede sein.", Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 26. Juni 2015
^ Jump up to:abhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/syria-us-allys-razing-of-villages-amounts-to-war-crimes/
^ Jump up to:abhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34511134
Jump up^http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Amnesty-accuses-US-backed-Syrian-Kurdish-group-of-demolishing-homes-423773
Jump up^"Syria: Kurdish Forces Violating Child Soldier Ban Despite Promises, Children Still Fight". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up^"ʿAfrin: Mass forcible recruitment now also taking place in ʿAfrin". KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Al-Qamishli: Christians resist forcible recruitment".KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Al-Qamishli: PYD recruits fourteen-year-old against her parents' will". KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Demonstration against forcible recruitment of minors".KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^"Under Kurdish Rule: Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria". Human Rights Watch.
Jump up^"Rumaylan: Asayiş demands that Yekîtî politicians leave their homes". KurdWatch. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up^A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution (1st ed.). Strangers In A Tangled Wilderness. Mar 4, 2015.
Jump up^ Michael Knapp, 'Rojava – the formation of an economic alternative: Private property in the service of all'.
Jump up^http://sange.fi/kvsolidaarisuustyo/wp-content/uploads/Dr.-Ahmad-Yousef-Social-economy-in-Rojava.pdf
Jump up^A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution (1st ed.). Strangers In A Tangled Wilderness. Mar 4, 2015. According to Dr. Ahmad Yousef, an economic co-minister, three-quarters of traditional private property is being used as commons and one quarter is still being owned by use of individuals...According to the Ministry of Economics, worker councils have only been set up for about one third of the enterprises in Rojava so far.
Jump up^"Poor in means but rich in spirit". Ecology or Catastrophe. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Jump up to:ab"Efrîn Economy Minister Yousef: Rojava challenging norms of class, gender and power". Retrieved 18 February2015.
Jump up^"Das Embargo gegen Rojava". TATORT (Kurdistan Delegation). Retrieved 7 August 2015.
Jump up^"Poor in means but rich in spirit". Ecology or Catastrophe. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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Jump up^"Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey". Middle East Eye. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
^ Jump up to:ab"Efrîn Economy Minister: Rojava Challenging Norms Of Class, Gender And Power". 2014-12-22.
Jump up^"Control of Syrian Oil Fuels War Between Kurds and Islamic State". The Wall Street Journal. 23 November 2014.
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Jump up^ Gold, Danny (31 October 2010). "Meet the YPG, the Kurdish Militia That Doesn't Want Help from Anyone".Vice. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
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≪ Previous: https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY #रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War! Rojava: A Sincere Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1 Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk Real threat triggered by Political leadership most arrogant!We are into the war as media reports that the ISIS might not have a direct presence in India but intelligence agencies fear that terror groups operating in the country can be used by Daesh for carrying out strikes in India similar to the Paris massacre. Due for implementation from January 1, 2016.All the central government employees will get reason to smile soon! However, the government employees and pensioners

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Facebook,Viber,Whatsup BANNED in Bangladesh! It is greatest calamity that France becomes Manipur or Kashmir or Central India which has been land of liberty and fraternity,equality and justice and Paris always remained the capital of the universal literature, art, music,white roses. Any nation may be provoked to suspend civic rights,human right all on the name of security. If Bangladesh opted for black out,we may not hope light in India either. https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY #रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War! Rojava: A Sincere Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1 Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk Palash Biswas

November 18, 2015, 6:41 am

≫ Next: Yes, Madan Mitra Resigned and Didi accepts! What would the Left do to win the elections? palash Biswas

Facebook,Viber,Whatsup BANNED in Bangladesh!

It is greatest calamity that France becomes Manipur or Kashmir or Central India which has been land of liberty and fraternity,equality and justice and Paris always remained the capital of the universal literature, art, music,white roses.

Any nation may be provoked to suspend civic rights,human right all on the name of security.

If Bangladesh opted for black out,we may not hope light in India either.

https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY

#रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War!

Rojava: A Sincere Revolution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk

Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)

https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1

Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk

Palash Biswas

Middle East trauma inflicts the South Asian Geopolitics!It is the impact of the war against ISIS launched by Developed world who created AlQaeda,Taliban and ISIS.

Rojava Women in north Syria have been defending their homeland!They are not syupported by universal brotherhood but ISIS,the 100 percent CIA Operation to launch Arabian Spring got the support of the developed world and this story has been broken by US Media itself which raises the voice against funding and raising such armies worldwide which threat United States most.The most reliable partner of United Sates,Israel has been supporting ISIS from the beginning.

The Kurdish huamnit has been suffering since Saddam regime and the Gulf War had the logic of this ethnic cleansing for the desert storm as the plight of Kurdish people had been showcased to justify the oil war.

But Turkey where the world leaders met just after the Pris terror strike to call afresh the War against Terror and Indian political leadership proved to be proactive to join that war,as the most active partner of US,the United Kingdom is detached as its Parliament denied the mandate.

No less than seventy US citizens have been killed in Paris and White House and Pentagon are bleeding with its own citizens` bleeding for which US leadership is most responsible.Thus,President Obama has to do something has he has to answer the masses.

Putin exposed the developed world more than enough and mind you,it is not conspiracy theory.He brought forward that the developed nations including the members of the G 20 group stand with ISIS.

They had nothing but now they have captured the entire Arab Territory and I am afraid that the war zone has been shifted right into our heart as ISIS threat spares none.

FRANCE suspended Civic and Human rights and it would be endorsed with amendment in the French constitution.

Any nation may be provoked to suspend civic rights,human right all on the name of security.

If Bangladesh opted for black out,we may not hope light in India either.

ফেসবুক ম্যাসেঞ্জার হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ ভাইবার বন্ধ

বাংলাদেশের টেলিযোগাযোগ কর্তৃপক্ষ বিটিআরসি দেশের সব মোবাইল ও ইন্টারনেট সেবাদানকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে ফেসবুক, ফেসবুক মেসেঞ্জার, ভাইবার এবং হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ সেবা অবিলম্বে বন্ধ করে দেওয়ার নির্দেশ দিয়েছে।পরবর্তী নির্দেশ না দেওয়া পর্যন্ত এই সেবা বন্ধ থাকবে।

বিটিআরসি কর্তৃপক্ষ বলছে দেশে আইনশৃঙ্খলা পরিস্থিতি নিয়ন্ত্রণে রাখতে এবং নিরাপত্তার স্বার্থে তারা এই পদক্ষেপ নিয়েছে।

১৯৭১ সালের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে মানবতাবিরোধী অপরাধের দায়ে জামায়াত নেতা আলী আহসান মোহাম্মদ মুজাহিদ ও বিএনপির স্থায়ী কমিটির সদস্য সালাউদ্দিন কাদের চৌধুরীর ফাঁসির আদেশ বহাল রেখে সুপ্রিমকোর্টের আপিল বিভাগ আজ বুধবার রায় দেবার কিছুক্ষণের মধ্যেই বিটিআরসি এই নির্দেশ জারি করে।

এদিন দুপুর দেড়টা থেকে আড়াইটা পর্যন্ত দেশের বিভিন্ন স্থানে ইন্টারনেট সংযোগ পুরোপুরি বিচ্ছিন্ন হয়ে যায়। ইন্টারনেট সেবা প্রদানকারী সংস্থা ইন্টারনেট সার্ভিস প্রোভাইডার অ্যাসোসিয়েশন অব বাংলাদেশ (আইএসপিএপি) সূত্রে জানা যায়, বাংলাদেশ টেলিযোগাযোগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ কমিশন (বিটিআরসি) এর নির্দেশনা অনুযায়ী তারা ইন্টারনেট সেবা বন্ধ করতে বাধ্য হয়েছেন। ফলে রাজধানীসহ দেশের বিভিন্ন এলাকায় ইন্টারনেট সংযোগ একে একে বন্ধ হয়ে যায়। তবে, কেন্দ্রীয় নিয়ন্ত্রণ না থাকায় সরকারি নির্দেশ সত্ত্বেও কিছু কিছু এলাকায় ইন্টারনেট সেবা অব্যাহত ছিল।

এদিকে, দুপুর দুইটার দিকে সরকারের পক্ষ থেকে ইন্টারনেট সেবা বন্ধ করা হয়নি বলে দাবি করতে থাকেন টেলিযোগাযোগ বিভাগের প্রতিমন্ত্রী। তবে দেশের আইন-শৃঙ্খলা পরিস্থিতি স্বাভাবিক রাখার স্বার্থে সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম ফেসবুক, ম্যাসেঞ্জার, ভাইবার, হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ, লাইন, ট্যাঙ্গো ও হ্যাঙআউট অনির্দিষ্টকালের জন্য বন্ধ করার নির্দেশনা দেওয়া হয়েছে বলে স্বীকার করেন তিনি।

দুপুর তিনটা পর্যন্ত রাজধানীর বিভিন্ন এলাকায় ইন্টারনেট সেবা পুনরায় চালু হয়েছে বলে জানা গেছে। তবে সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম ফেসবুক রাজধানীর বেশিরভাগ এলাকায় দেখা যাচ্ছে না। অ্যাপসগুলোও বন্ধ পাওয়া গেছে।

বাংলাদেশ জুড়ে ফেসবুক, ভাইবার, হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ বন্ধের নির্দেশ - BBC বাংলা

http://www.jugantor.com/current-news/2015/11/18/9705

http://www.banglatribune.com/news/show/115860/



				বাংলাদেশ জুড়ে ফেসবুক, ভাইবার, হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ বন্ধের নির্দ... বাংলাদেশে টেলিযোগাযোগ কর্তৃপক্ষ বিটিআরসি দেশের সব মোবাইল ও ইন্টারনেট সেবাদানকারী প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে ফেসবুক, মেসেঞ্জার, ভাইবার এবং হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ সেবা অবিলম্বে বন্ধ করে ...

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Yes, Madan Mitra Resigned and Didi accepts! What would the Left do to win the elections? palash Biswas

November 18, 2015, 9:20 am

≫ Next: Returning honors is an attempt to save democracy Ram Puniyani

≪ Previous: Facebook,Viber,Whatsup BANNED in Bangladesh! It is greatest calamity that France becomes Manipur or Kashmir or Central India which has been land of liberty and fraternity,equality and justice and Paris always remained the capital of the universal literature, art, music,white roses. Any nation may be provoked to suspend civic rights,human right all on the name of security. If Bangladesh opted for black out,we may not hope light in India either. https://youtu.be/aa8fIoC9HEY #रोजावा की क्रांति #ISIS may not be defeated with # religious polarization#War not against ISIS# America created # Israel joins# G 20 funding #Oil War! Rojava: A Sincere Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcLPyfgXBAk Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://news.vice.com/video/pushing-back-the-islamic-state-the-battle-for-rojava-dispatch-1 Pushing Back the Islamic State: The Battle for Rojava (Dispatch 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHaaKR1HaFk Palash Biswas

Yes, Madan Mitra Resigned and Didi accepts! What would the Left do to win the elections?

palash Biswas

Sardha scam gets yet another turnaround as Chief minister Mamata Banerjee, who earlier refused to accept his resignation letter on December 12, 2014 ,accepted his resignation on Wednesday. Mitra submitted his resignation to Banerjee on December 12 when he was summoned by CBI.

It might be technical as CBI gears to file chargeshee against the jailed led minister on bail under housearrest.But it would certaily help Mamata to gain creditabilty consolidated.On the other hand Mukul Roy,the ex Railway Minister,who got clean chit from CBI,is all set to launch his political party.

Meanwhile,Kunal Ghosh,the TMC MP remains in the jail where he had been on fast for thirty nine days demanding justice and accusing discrimination as every other accused has been bailed out and he is denied bail.

Kunal is not well and we do not know anything about Sudipto Sen and Debjani who had been arrested and then only the scam floated in media.We also do not know what measures have been taken to ensure to return the money invested in the Chit fund.Whereas Sebi and other central agencies keep mum on cases against other chit fund companies who have sustained the Ponzi network facing the heat of the law.

However,BJP which tried to seize Mamata within and the campaign was launched by the top guns of the Hindutva Brigade has skips the scam and the Left failed to make it an issue.Thus, getting rid of the tainted Minister Mamata looks invincible and she seems to be more qualified to appease the complex Vote Bank equations ahead of Assembly elections to be held in West Bengal.

If the Left gears its cadre base and goes back to roots,the equation might change.But Mamata ensured that RSS should not dent her regime anyway.It might be rather yet another equation between the centre and the state as DIDI has directed her army to help the government to pass mandatory legislation to push hard economic reforms.It could have turned the tide in favour of the Left but the Left led by very old guards seem to be very very very tired.

Yes, Madan Mitra Resigned and Didi accepts! What would the Left do to win the elections?

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≫ Next: Uday Prakash ...तो अब कला और विचार के प्रति 'सहिष्णुता'का एक और नमूना सामने आ गया. जयपुर के जवाहर कला केंद्र की समिति से भारत सरकार द्वारा पद्मभूषण से सम्मानित कलाकार अनीश कपूर की नियुक्ति राजस्थान सरकार ने रद्द कर दी.

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Returning honors is an attempt to save democracy Ram Puniyani

November 18, 2015, 9:32 pm

≪ Previous: Yes, Madan Mitra Resigned and Didi accepts! What would the Left do to win the elections? palash Biswas

Returning honors is an attempt to save democracy

Ram Puniyani

Last few weeks have seen a flood of 'returning' honors by writers, scientists and artists. These awardees in way have stood up to make themselves to be counted. There are also various statements from academics, historians, artists and scientists showing their concern about the growing intolerance and erosion of our plural values. Those who returned the honors are amongst the outstanding contributors to literature, arts, film making and science. They in a way have been pouring their heart out at what is going on at social level. The growing intolerance has taken the lives of Dabholkar, Pansare and Kalburgi. There are incidents like where the lynching of one Muslim on the issue of beef eating which has shaken the conscience of the society. In the face of this strong statement from diverse sections of society those related to the ruling party, BJP; its parent organization RSS and many of its affiliates have been strongly criticizing these people on flimsy grounds.

At the same time the President of India disturbed by the happenings in the society; time and again has been reminding the nation about our core civilizational values of pluralism. The vice President has told that it is the duty of the state to protect the 'right to life' of citizens. The international rating agencies like Moody have pointed out that unless Modi reins in his colleagues, India stands to lose her credibility. Disturbed by the current growing atmosphere of intolerance the eminent citizens are feeling uncomfortable. So we have the earlier statement of Julio Rebeiro that he is feeling disturbed as a Christian in India. Now Naseerudding Shah said that he is being made to realize his Muslim identity for the first time. The poet, film maker Gulzar stated that the times have come where people ask your religion before they ask your name. Many prominent entrepreneurs like Narayan Murthi and Kiran Majumdar Shaw have shown their concern over growing intolerance. In the same boat of those calling for preserving values of pluralism are people like Raghuram Rajan, the RBI Governor.

The ruling dispensation, the BJP leaders have come out scathingly on these creative people-scientists and labeled the whole process as 'manufactured rebellion' as put by Arun Jaitley. It has been alleged that those returning awards are the leftists or those who were recipients of privileges from the state when Congress was the ruling party and now with BJP coming to power from last one year, they are baffled and so the protests. It has been alleged that these people are trying to derail the 'development story' being written by the BJP under the leadership of Narendra Modi. Jaitley even goes to say that Narendra Modi is the victim of intolerance by these people returning their awards. Some like Rajnath Singh have pointed out that it is a mere 'law and order' problem for which state governments are responsible while these people are targeting Modi government.

As such what has happened is neither a law and order problem nor the one related to loss of patronage as it is related to the much broader phenomenon related to intense communalization of society. This time the degree of communalization has crossed the civil limits. The jibe that these people did not return their awards at the time of emergency, anti Sikh violence, migration of Kashmiri Pundits and at the time of Mumbai blasts of 1993 is a very superficial way of dealing with the social response to the phenomenon of growing intolerance and its degree. As the awards which have been returned and the statements put out by different groups do give the reasons for the same and these reasons pertains to the cumulative process and not this or that event. All these incidents mentioned by Jaitley and company have been a tragic part of recent Indian history. Many a writers did protest against most of these incidents, many of them had not even been awarded at that time.

The present times cannot be compared with the tragic incidents of the past for various reasons. Take the case of emergency for example. It was a dark chapter of Indian history, still it was the authoritarianism imposed mostly from the top. What is most disturbing in the current times is the vast network of organizations related to the ruling party whose followers either they themselves create hatred in the society or they mobilize the social sectors through hate speech; the result of which is violence. Currently there is a twin attack on the values of tolerance and liberal space. From the top the ruling dispensation has people like Yogi Adiyanath- Sakshi Maharaj, Giriraj Singh, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti who keep spreading sectarian message while basking in the glory of power and at the societal level divisive statements prevail.

At yet another level is the institutional control by communal ideology. Our major institutions and educational places are being mauled by divisive ideology. Our frontline areas of science and technology are being tampered day in and day out. The promotion of blind faith is the byproduct of this very policy. Blind faith and the large section of religious entrepreneurs (Babas, Modern Gurus) have a major say and have a major influence on the present political powers. As such the ideology spread by RSS, the one of Hindu nationalism, is dominating on social and political field. And lastly at the level of social thinking the 'Hate other' ideology has been promoted through various conduits using the issues like Ghar Wapasi, love jihad and beef. It is this which is creating the intense social insecurity amongst the religious minorities. It is this which is leading to incidents like Dadri. Such incidents are being projected as law and order problem to deliberately overlook the erosion in democratic space.

Essentially the insane communal violence has its roots in the prejudice leading to hate for the religious minorities. And that's what flows from the ideology of Hindu nationalism, or any other sectarian nationalism, in the name of any religion or race. In current times the fountainhead of Hindu nationalism which is, the major factor here, is RSS. Not to say that Muslim sectarianism has its own divisive and supplementary influence. Through different conveyer belts this ideology assumes the 'Hate other' sentiment and that's where cow slaughter, beef eating become the ground to kill the people. The practitioners of sectarian nationalism vow that 'we will kill and get killed' while defending our Holy mother the cow.

This is just one case in point. The major factor leading to present atmosphere lies in the qualitative transformation of 'hate for others'. The stereotyping of minorities which began with Hindu nationalism has assumed horrendous proportions where the likes of Gulzar have to say what he said. So while the Jaitleys will keep undermining the steps taken by these people and while the Rajnath Singhs' will keep dubbing it as a law and order problem, the dissatisfaction amongst those standing for democracy is growing, liberal space and tolerance is shrinking. We will have to keep thinking of more ways to draw the attention of larger sections of society towards the threat looming large on our democratic society, the threat of sectarian propaganda and politics leading to stifling of democratic space. And these are not the ordinary times, the divisive process have assumed menacing proportions and cannot be hidden by the illusory growth story!

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Uday Prakash ...तो अब कला और विचार के प्रति 'सहिष्णुता'का एक और नमूना सामने आ गया. जयपुर के जवाहर कला केंद्र की समिति से भारत सरकार द्वारा पद्मभूषण से सम्मानित कलाकार अनीश कपूर की नियुक्ति राजस्थान सरकार ने रद्द कर दी.

November 18, 2015, 10:54 pm

≫ Next: TaraChandra Tripathi भारत और जापान के शुद्धि मंत्र - तुलना करें

≪ Previous: Returning honors is an attempt to save democracy Ram Puniyani

Uday Prakash
...तो अब कला और विचार के प्रति 'सहिष्णुता' का एक और नमूना सामने आ गया. जयपुर के जवाहर कला केंद्र की समिति से भारत सरकार द्वारा पद्मभूषण से सम्मानित कलाकार अनीश कपूर की नियुक्ति राजस्थान सरकार ने रद्द कर दी.

पद्मभूषण के अलावा उन्हें फ्रांस में किसी कलाकार को दिया जाने वाला सर्वोच्च सम्मान भी मिल चुका है और ब्रिटिश सरकार ने उन्हें 'नाइटहुड' की पदवी दी है.
अभी तीन रोज़ पहले ही मैंने आईआईसी में आयोजित 'संवाद शृंखला' में उन्हें किसी कट्टर संगठन द्वारा दी गयी धमकी का ज़िक्र किया था, और आज की खबर यह है कि वसुंधरा राजे की सरकार ने उन्हें जवाहर कलाकेन्द्र से हटा दिया. चार-पांच दिन पहले किसी संगठन ने अनीश कपूर की 'जीभ काट लेने वाले को २१ लाख रुपये का ईनाम' देने का फतवा जारी किया था.
मुम्बई में जन्मे और ७० के दशक से लन्दन में रहने वाले संसार के सुविख्यात शिल्पकार अनीश कपूर के बारे में मैं कई बार लिख चुका हूँ. शिकागो, न्यूयार्क, इंग्लैण्ड, फ्रांस, नार्वे समेत कई देशों में उनकी कलाकृतियाँ दूर-दूर के देशों से आये पर्यटकों और कलाप्रेमियों को आकर्षित करती हैं.
अनीश के पिता हिन्दू और मां यहूदी हैं.
तीन महीने पहले, अगस्त में, अपनी अमेरिका यात्रा के दौरान मैंने शिकागो के विश्वविख्यात मिलेनियम पार्क में अनीश कपूर की कलाकृति के कुछ चित्र इसी फेसबुक के अपनी वाल पर पर पोस्ट किये थे. इसके कुछ साल पहले भी अपने हिन्दीवाले ब्लॉग में उनके इस अद्भुत स्टेनलेस स्टील के शिल्प ' क्लाउड गेट' या बादल का बीज' या 'बीन' के बारे में लिख चुका था.
अनीश कपूर का अपराध क्या था, जिसकी सज़ा उन्हें मिली ?
अपराध था उनका 'गार्जियन' में छपा साक्षात्कार, जिसमें उन्होंने कहा था कि भारत में इन दिनों 'हिन्दू तालिबानों' का राज है. बस इस एक वाक्य ने उनकी समूची प्रतिभा को खारिज कर दिया.
उनके प्रति अपना समर्थन और सम्मान प्रकट करने के लिए शिकागो में इसी अगस्त के महीने में खींची गयी तस्वीरें आप सभी के लिए लगा रहा हूँ.
देखें, फौलाद जैसी कठोर धातु से बादल और आईने जैसी खफीफ़, नाजुक, तरल और विनम्र शिल्पकृति से समूचे संसार को सम्मोहित करने वाली छवियाँ. ये चित्र किसी पेशेवर कैमरे से नहीं, अपने आईपैड से खींची गयी हैं, इसलिए वे पूरा प्रभाव नहीं दे सकतीं. फिर भी अनुमान तो लगा ही सकते हैं.

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≫ Next: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuUFYDhqOLo&feature=youtu.be # CALIBAN# Mandate#ISIS Execution unabated #Pay Scales #Manto# Reforms# Tempest# Avatar#Toba Tek Singh ''Manto' relevant when free speech not easy in India, Pakistan'! Seventh Pay Commission may submit its final report, pay hike expected to be around 15% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phfrXxmV2lo Seventh Pay Commission to submit report today, 23% hike expected https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjTJTkSz-gU Share Bazaar Live: 10% disinvestment in Coal India https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peJ5cAdYuQ0 Thanks to You Tube,I have including news clips all about Seventh Pay commission and the impact, Disinvestment drive and the reform policy,explained it with the Negroid Caliban Speech in The Tempest and the film Avtar,explained the phenomenon of retrenchment, intolerance and partition focusing on Manto,the Pakistani Film,the author and his writings,an interviw with director Sharmad by Manto`s niece, a short film Shalwar and finally

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TaraChandra Tripathi भारत और जापान के शुद्धि मंत्र - तुलना करें

November 18, 2015, 11:03 pm

≪ Previous: Uday Prakash ...तो अब कला और विचार के प्रति 'सहिष्णुता'का एक और नमूना सामने आ गया. जयपुर के जवाहर कला केंद्र की समिति से भारत सरकार द्वारा पद्मभूषण से सम्मानित कलाकार अनीश कपूर की नियुक्ति राजस्थान सरकार ने रद्द कर दी.

TaraChandra Tripathi

भारत और जापान के शुद्धि मंत्र - तुलना करें

मिसोगी हराई (शुद्धि के लिए जल छिड़कना) से संबंधित एक मत्र और उसका भावानुवाद

तकामहर नि कामी त्सुमारीमासु/
कमुरोगी कमुरोमी नो मिकोतो वो मोचिते/
सुमेमिओया कमु इजांगी नो मिकोतो/
त्सुकुशी नो हिमुका नो ताचिहाना नो ओदो नो/
अहागी हारा नि मिसोगी हराई तमाउ तोकि नि/
नारिमासेरु हराईदोनो ओओकामी ताची/
मोरोमोरो नो मगागोतो त्सुमि केगारे वो/
हराई तमाए कियोमे तमाई तो मोउसु कोतो नो योशि वो/
तमात्सु कामी कुनित्सु कामी याओयोरोजुनो कामिताचि तोमोमी /
अमेनो हुचिकोमा नो मिमि फुरितातेते किकोशिमेसे तो/
काशिकोमी काशिकोमि मो माओसु।

भावानुवाद
नित्य आकाश में विचरण करने वाली माता इजांगी नो मिकोतो के आदेश से मेरे मन में शुद्धि की प्रेरणा जाग उठी है। जब इजांगी नो मिकोतो सदाबहार वृक्षों से अनवरत आच्छादित दक्षिण दिशा के छोटे से कुंड में नहाते हैं, हम अपने अन्तस की गहराई से पूरी श्रद्धा से निवेदन करते हैं कि वे उसी तरह हमें सुने जैसे हमारी आत्मा हमारे भावों को सुनती है। वे धरती और आकाश की संपूर्णचेतना के साथ तेज कानों से हमारी विनती सुनें। हमारे दोष, दुर्घटनाओं और पापों को दूर कर हम सब को शुद्ध करें । मिरोकु आओमिकामी हमें वर दो, हमारी रक्षा करो। मेइशु शामा हमे आशीर्वाद दो हमारी रक्षा करो । हमारी आत्मा का विस्तार करो और अपने संकल्प पूर्ति करो।

तुलना करें :
वृषा पवस्व धारया मरुत्वतेच मत्सरः। विश्वाः दधान ओजसा,। सामवेद पवमान पर्व/ऋचा 3
( सुखों की वृष्टि करने वाला, आनन्ददाता और अपनी शक्ति से संपूर्ण विश्व को धारण करता हुआ परमेश्वर हमें पवित्र करे।)
सत्राच्या मघवान्त्सोमपीतये धिया शविष्ठ आ गमत्। उभयं शृणवच्च न इन्द्रो अर्वागिदं वचः। सामवेद, ऐन्द्र पर्व, 3/6/8
(ईश्वर शीघ्र हमारे इन दोनों- स्तुति और प्रार्थना रूप वचनों को सुने। शक्तिमान तथा समस्त धनों का स्वामी हमारे उत्तम पदार्थो की रक्षा के लिए सत्य ज्ञान कराने वाली बुद्धि से हमें प्राप्त होवे। )
सामवेद भाषाभाष्ये पूर्वाचिकः, पृ. 27 दयानन्द संस्थान, नयी दिल्ली

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